ArticleInfection and immunity2003
Expression of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B and their sigma factor TcdD is controlled by temperature.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regulatory networks: Linking toxin production and sporulation in Clostridioides difficile.Anaerobe · 2025Review
- Environmental and Nutritional Parameters Modulating Genetic Expression for Virulence Factors ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Overview of current detection methods and microRNA potential inWorld journal of gastroenterology · 2023Review
- Article
- Regulation of Clostridioides difficile toxin production.Current opinion in microbiology · 2022Review
- A short chain fatty acid-centric view of Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis.PLoS pathogens · 2021Review
- Large Clostridial Toxins: Mechanisms and Roles in Disease.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2021Review
- Host Immune Responses toFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
- The C-Terminal Domain of Clostridioides difficile TcdC Is Exposed on the Bacterial Cell Surface.Journal of bacteriology · 2020Article
- Article
- Strain-Dependent RstA Regulation of Clostridioides difficile Toxin Production and Sporulation.Journal of bacteriology · 2020Article
- Article
- Clinical and Pathological Features of Ulcerative Colitis in Patients with and withoutMiddle East journal of digestive diseases · 2019Article
- Multiple factors contribute to bimodal toxin gene expression in Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile.Molecular microbiology · 2018Article
- Pleiotropic roles of Clostridium difficile sin locus.PLoS pathogens · 2018Article
- The role of toxins in Clostridium difficile infection.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2017Review
- Novel Cysteine Desulfidase CdsB Involved in Releasing Cysteine Repression of Toxin Synthesis inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Article
- Article
- Control of Clostridium difficile Physiopathology in Response to Cysteine Availability.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Growth temperature was found to control the expression of toxins A and B in Clostridium difficile VPI 10463, with a maximum at 37 degrees C and low levels at 22 and 42 degrees C in both peptone yeast (PY) and defined media. The up-regulation of toxin A and B mRNA and protein levels upon temperature upshift from 22 to 37 degrees C followed the same kinetics, showing that temperature control occurred at the level of transcription. Experiments with Clostridium perfringens using gusA as a reporter gene demonstrated that both toxin gene promoters were temperature controlled and that their high activity at 37 degrees C was dependent on the alternative sigma factor TcdD. Furthermore, tcdD was found to be autoinduced at 37 degrees C. Glucose down-regulated all these responses in the C. perfringens constructs, similar to its impact on toxin production in C. difficile PY broth cultures. C. difficile proteins induced at 37 degrees C and thus coregulated with the toxins by temperature were demonstrated by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified as enzymes involved in butyric acid production and as electron carriers in oxidation-reduction reactions. The regulation of toxin production in C. difficile by temperature is a novel finding apparently reflecting an adaptation of the expression of its virulence to mammalian hosts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.