ArticleInfection and immunity2003
Expression of multiple outer membrane protein sequence variants from a single genomic locus of Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Generation of Population-Level Diversity inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development of a Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange System for Gene Knockout and Expression of Non-Native Gene Sequences inVaccines · 2025Article
- Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in North India.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2024Article
- Vaccine development: obligate intracellular bacteria new tools, old pathogens: the current state of vaccines against obligate intracellular bacteria.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Host-pathogen associations revealed by genotyping of European strains of Anaplasma phagocytophilum to describe natural endemic cycles.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Persistence of obligate intracellular pathogens: alternative strategies to overcome host-specific stresses.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Comparative Whole Genome Analysis of anPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Features ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2021Review
- Global Transcription Profiles ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2020Article
- Investigation of tick-borne bacteria (Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia spp.) in ticks collected from Andean tapirs, cattle and vegetation from a protected area in Ecuador.Parasites & vectors · 2015Article
- Comparative Genomics Identifies a Potential Marker of Human-Virulent Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2014Article
- An emerging tick-borne disease of humans is caused by a subset of strains with conserved genome structure.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2013Article
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum--a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2013Review
- Expression and immunogenicity of recombinant immunoreactive surface protein 2 of Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2012Article
- Adaptive immunity to Anaplasma pathogens and immune dysregulation: implications for bacterial persistence.Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases · 2012Review
- Expression patterns of Anaplasma marginale Msp2 variants change in response to growth in cattle, and tick cells versus mammalian cells.PloS one · 2012Article
- Proteomic analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum during infection of human myeloid cells identifies a protein that is pronouncedly upregulated on the infectious dense-cored cell.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
- Mechanisms of obligatory intracellular infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2011Review
- Neorickettsia risticii surface-exposed proteins: proteomics identification, recognition by naturally-infected horses, and strain variations.Veterinary research · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of an emerging tick-borne zoonosis in the United States and Europe. The organism causes a febrile illness accompanied by other nonspecific symptoms and can be fatal, especially if treatment is delayed. Persistence of A. phagocytophilum within mammalian reservoir hosts is important for ensuring continued disease transmission. In the related organism Anaplasma marginale, persistence is associated with antigenic variation of the immunoprotective outer membrane protein MSP2. Extensive diversity of MSP2 is achieved by combinatorial gene conversion of a genomic expression site by truncated pseudogenes. The major outer membrane protein of A. phagocytophilum, MSP2(P44), is homologous to MSP2 of A. marginale, has a similar organization of conserved and variable regions, and is also encoded by a multigene family containing some truncated gene copies. This suggests that the two organisms could use similar mechanisms to generate diversity in outer membrane proteins from their small genomes. We define here a genomic expression site for MSP2(P44) in A. phagocytophilum. As in A. marginale, the msp2(p44) gene in this expression site is polymorphic in all populations of organisms we have examined, whether organisms are obtained from in vitro culture in human HL-60 cells, from culture in the tick cell line ISE6, or from infected human blood. Changes in culture conditions were found to favor the growth and predominance of certain msp2(p44) variants. Insertions, deletions, and substitutions in the region of the genomic expression site encoding the central hypervariable region matched sequence polymorphisms in msp2(p44) mRNA. These data suggest that, similarly to A. marginale, A. phagocytophilum uses combinatorial mechanisms to generate a large array of outer membrane protein variants. Such gene polymorphism has profound implications for the design of vaccines, diagnostic tests, and therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.