ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2003
Residential area deprivation predicts smoking habit independently of individual educational level and occupational social class. A cross sectional study in the Norfolk cohort of the European Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk).
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 220 citations in OpenAlex.
- Calcium intake, calcium supplementation and cardiovascular disease and mortality in the British population: EPIC-norfolk prospective cohort study and meta-analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- Genome-wide meta-analysis of brain volume identifies genomic loci and genes shared with intelligence.Nature communications · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Association of individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status with outcomes of a smoking cessation intervention provided in the lung cancer screening setting.Preventive medicine · 2025Trial
- Text-message reminders increase uptake of routine breast screening appointments: a randomised controlled trial in a hard-to-reach population.British journal of cancer · 2015Trial
- Individual- and area-level unemployment influence smoking cessation among African Americans participating in a randomized clinical trial.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2012Trial
- Comparison of the Association of Area-Based Deprivation Indices With Hypertension and Diabetes Control Outcomes.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Mediating pathways between area-level deprivation and hypertension in Nepal: the role of nutritional status, food insecurity, and health behaviors.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Latent profiles of modifiable dementia risk factors in later midlife: relationships with incident dementia, cognition, and neuroimaging outcomes.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Small-area spatio-temporal analysis of cancer risk to support effective and equitable cancer prevention.PloS one · 2025Article
- Prospective Association of the Mediterranean Diet with the Onset of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity in a UK-Based Cohort: The EPIC-Norfolk Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- The Dietary Inflammatory Index and Its Associations with Biomarkers of Nutrients with Antioxidant Potential, a Biomarker of Inflammation and Multiple Long-Term Conditions.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Assessing needs-based supply of physicians: a criteria-led methodological review of international studies in high-resource settings.BMC health services research · 2023Review
- Socioeconomic inequality in tobacco use in Kenya: a concentration analysis.International journal of health economics and management · 2021Article
- The Moderating Effect of Community-Level Deprivation on the Association between Individual Characteristics and Smoking Behavior among Chinese Adults: A Cross-Level Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Positive Associations of Dietary Intake and Plasma Concentrations of Vitamin E with Skeletal Muscle Mass, Heel Bone Ultrasound Attenuation and Fracture Risk in the EPIC-Norfolk Cohort.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Use of Medications with Anticholinergic Properties and the Long-Term Risk of Hospitalization for Falls and Fractures in the EPIC-Norfolk Longitudinal Cohort Study.Drugs & aging · 2020Article
- Geographical variations in cancer mortality and social inequalities in southern Spain (Andalusia). 2002-2013.PloS one · 2020Article
- Opportunities for Tailored Support to Implement Smoke-Free Homes: A Qualitative Study among Lower Socioeconomic Status Parents.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo investigate the independent association between individual and area based measures of socioeconomic status and cigarette smoking habit. DESIGN AND
settingCross sectional, population based study. PARTICIPANTS AND
methods12 579 men and 15 132 women aged 39-79 years living in the general community participating in the EPIC-Norfolk Study in 1993-1997. The association between social class, educational status, Townsend residential deprivation level, and cigarette smoking status was examined.
main outcome measuresCigarette smoking status at baseline survey.
resultsSocial class, educational level, and residential deprivation level independently related to cigarette smoking habit in both men and women. Multivariate age adjusted odds ratios for current smoking in men were 1.62 (95% CI 1.45 to 1.81) for manual compared with non-manual social class, 1.32 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.48) for those with educational level less than O level compared with those with O level qualifications or higher and 1.84 (95% CI 1.62 to 2.08) for high versus low area deprivation level. For women, the odds ratios for current smoking for manual social class were 1.14 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.27); 1.31 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.46) for low educational level and 1.68 (95% CI 1.49 to 1.90) for high residential deprivation respectively.
conclusionsResidential deprivation level using the Townsend score, individual social class, and educational level all independently predict smoking habit in both men and women. Efforts to reduce cigarette smoking need to tackle not just individual but also area based factors. Understanding the specific factors in deprived areas that influence smoking habit may help inform preventive efforts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.