SynthesisTobacco control2003
Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry.
Synthesis in Tobacco control, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Reporting of conflicts of interest by authors of primary studies on health policy and systems research: a cross-sectional survey.BMJ open · 2020Pooled it
- Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review.Tobacco control · 2014Pooled it
- Smoke-free legislation impact on the hospitality sector in the Republic of Georgia.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Cost-effectiveness of smoke-free interventions: A systematic review.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2025Review
- State of the evidence on economic impacts of smoke-free policies in the tourism sector: A narrative literature review.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Review
- The Irish Smoking Ban Legislation, Astride the Celtic Tiger, Trail-Blazed a Can-Do Tobacco Control Culture.Tobacco use insights · 2024Article
- 'Choice should be made through… educated decisions not regressive dictates': discursive framings of a proposed 'sugar tax' in Bermuda: analysis of submissions to a government consultation.Globalization and health · 2022Article
- Effect of comprehensive smoke-free legislation on the tourism industry in countries of the Caribbean Community.Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Support for smoke-free public places among adults in four countries in sub-Saharan Africa.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Article
- Cognitive performance effects of nicotine and industry affiliation: a systematic review.Substance abuse : research and treatment · 2020Article
- Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Comprehensive Smoke-Free Legislation in Indoor Public Places in Shanghai, China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Subnational smoke-free laws in China.Tobacco induced diseases · 2019Article
- Brussels Declaration: a vehicle for the advancement of tobacco and alcohol industry interests at the science/policy interface?Tobacco control · 2019Article
- The impact and relevance of tobacco control research in low-and middle-income countries globally and to the US.Addictive behaviors · 2018Review
- Customers' Perceptions of Compliance with a Tobacco Control Law in Restaurants in Hanoi, Vietnam: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- Tobacco papers and tobacco industry ties in regulatory toxicology and pharmacology.Journal of public health policy · 2018Article
- Observational
- Impact of US smoke-free air laws on restaurants and bars by employer size: a panel study.BMJ open · 2017Observational
- The importance of continued engagement during the implementation phase of tobacco control policies in a middle-income country: the case of Costa Rica.Tobacco control · 2017Article
- Reactions to Smoke-free Policies and Messaging Strategies in Support and Opposition: A Comparison of Southerners and Non-Southerners in the US.Health behavior and policy review · 2015Article
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo compare the quality and funding source of studies concluding a negative economic impact of smoke-free policies in the hospitality industry to studies concluding no such negative impact. DATA SOURCES: Researchers sought all studies produced before 31 August 2002. Articles published in scientific journals were located with Medline, Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, Current Contents, PsychInfo, Econlit, and Healthstar. Unpublished studies were located from tobacco company websites and through internet searches. STUDY SELECTION: 97 studies that made statements about economic impact were included. 93% of the studies located met the selection criteria as determined by consensus between multiple reviewers. DATA EXTRACTION: Findings and characteristics of studies (apart from funding source) were classified independently by two researchers. A third assessor blind to both the objective of the present study and to funding source also classified each study. DATA SYNTHESIS: In studies concluding a negative impact, the odds of using a subjective outcome measure was 4.0 times (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4 to 9.6; p = 0.007) and the odds of not being peer reviewed was 20 times (95% CI 2.6 to 166.7; p = 0.004) that of studies concluding no such negative impact. All of the studies concluding a negative impact were supported by the tobacco industry. 94% of the tobacco industry supported studies concluded a negative economic impact compared to none of the non-industry supported studies.
conclusionAll of the best designed studies report no impact or a positive impact of smoke-free restaurant and bar laws on sales or employment. Policymakers can act to protect workers and patrons from the toxins in secondhand smoke confident in rejecting industry claims that there will be an adverse economic impact.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.