ArticleMolecular and cellular biology2003
Genetic diversity: frameshift mechanisms alter coding of a gene (Epstein-Barr virus LF3 gene) that contains multiple 102-base-pair direct sequence repeats.
Article in Molecular and cellular biology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- ebv-sisRNA-3 contributes to the formation of G4-associated R-loop upstream of EBV lytic replication origin in latently infected cells.Cell & bioscience · 2025Article
- The Spike Protein of SARS-coV2 19B (S) Clade Mirrors Critical Features of Viral Adaptation and Coevolution.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Long non-coding RNAs in Epstein-Barr virus-related cancer.Cancer cell international · 2021Review
- Regulators of Viral Frameshifting: More Than RNA Influences Translation Events.Annual review of virology · 2020Review
- A Genome-Wide Epstein-Barr Virus Polyadenylation Map and Its Antisense RNA to EBNA.Journal of virology · 2019Article
- Early Epstein-Barr Virus Genomic Diversity and Convergence toward the B95.8 Genome in Primary Infection.Journal of virology · 2018Article
- SNHG8 is identified as a key regulator of epstein-barr virus(EBV)-associated gastric cancer by an integrative analysis of lncRNA and mRNA expression.Oncotarget · 2016Article
- Human DNA tumor viruses generate alternative reading frame proteins through repeat sequence recoding.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2014Article
- New gene evolution: little did we know.Annual review of genetics · 2013Review
- Initiation of Epstein-Barr virus lytic replication requires transcription and the formation of a stable RNA-DNA hybrid molecule at OriLyt.Journal of virology · 2011Article
- Augmented latent membrane protein 1 expression from Epstein-Barr virus episomes with minimal terminal repeats.Journal of virology · 2010Article
- Points of recombination in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strain P3HR-1-derived heterogeneous DNA as indexes to EBV DNA recombinogenic events in vivo.Journal of virology · 2008Article
- Complexities associated with expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic origins of DNA replication.Nucleic acids research · 2007Article
- Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in human breast cancer: protagonist or passenger?British journal of cancer · 2003Article
- Changing viral tropism using immunoliposomes alters the stability of gene expression: implications for viral vector design.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Frameshift mutations provide recognized mechanisms for changing the coding potential of an organism. Here, multiple frameshifts are identified in repetitive sequences within an Epstein-Barr virus unspliced early gene, LF3, which is associated with the viral replicative cycle and also transcriptionally expressed in many virally associated tumors. On the DNA strand encoding LF3, there are three open reading frames, only one of which contains an initiation codon. Most (>95%) of the gene consists of numerous (>20, varying with cell source) GC-rich copies of a 102-bp direct repeat (called IR 4) flanked by small unique sequences. LF3 may express a protein if its initiation and termination codons reside in the same reading frame, but this is not always the case. Frameshifting events, occurring in short runs of pyrimidines (mainly C residues) in the repeats, give rise to mutations which may provide a mechanism for escape of an LF3 function from host surveillance. Sequence studies link these frameshifts to DNA replication errors. Notably, the number of sites in LF3 at which such mutations can occur permits a very large amount of diversity in this gene. Our data also suggest a second degeneracy mechanism within the protein itself, which influences its stability and may reflect a host defense mechanism. LF3 thus provides a potentially important model for studying the quest for supremacy between a virus and its host.
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