Trial reportThe Journal of infectious diseases2003
Longitudinal analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in breast milk and of its relationship to infant infection and maternal disease.
Trial report in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00270296 (Lopinavir/Ritonavir/Combivir vs. Abacavir/Zidovudine/Lamivudine for Virologic Efficacy and the Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Among Breastfeeding Women With CD4 Counts Greater Than or Equal to 200 Cells/mm3 in Botswana), which is not on this map. Cited by 86 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Lopinavir/Ritonavir/Combivir vs. Abacavir/Zidovudine/Lamivudine for Virologic Efficacy and the Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Among Breastfeeding Women With CD4 Counts Greater Than or Equal to 200 Cells/mm3 in Botswana
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 218 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antiretroviral interventions for preventing breast milk transmission of HIV.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Maternal and Breastmilk Viral Load: Impacts of Adherence on Peripartum HIV Infections Averted-The Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition Study.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2016Trial
- A phase I randomized clinical trial of candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine MVA.HIVA administered to Gambian infants.PloS one · 2013Trial
- Temporal reduction of HIV type 1 viral load in breast milk by single-dose nevirapine during prevention of MTCT.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2009Trial
- Risk factors for early and late transmission of HIV via breast-feeding among infants born to HIV-infected women in a randomized clinical trial in Botswana.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2009Trial
- Modifications of a large HIV prevention clinical trial to fit changing realities: a case study of the Breastfeeding, Antiretroviral, and Nutrition (BAN) protocol in Lilongwe, Malawi.Contemporary clinical trials · 2009Trial
- HIV-1 persists in breast milk cells despite antiretroviral treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission.AIDS (London, England) · 2008Trial
- Temporal and lateral dynamics of HIV shedding and elevated sodium in breast milk among HIV-positive mothers during the first 4 months of breast-feeding.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2008Trial
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy versus zidovudine/nevirapine effects on early breast milk HIV type-1 Rna: a phase II randomized clinical trial.Antiviral therapy · 2008Trial
- Independent effects of nevirapine prophylaxis and HIV-1 RNA suppression in breast milk on early perinatal HIV-1 transmission.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2007Trial
- Breast milk HIV-1 suppression and decreased transmission: a randomized trial comparing HIVNET 012 nevirapine versus short-course zidovudine.AIDS (London, England) · 2005Trial
- Association of levels of HIV-1-infected breast milk cells and risk of mother-to-child transmission.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2004Trial
- Virucidal Efficacy of Holder Pasteurization of Breast Milk in a Portable Device.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Associations of Plasma and Breast Milk HIV RNA and Tenofovir Concentrations With Risk of Postnatal HIV Transmission During Breastfeeding Among Women With and Without ARV Exposure.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Differences in growth trajectories in breastfed HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed infants in Kenya: An observational cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2025Observational
- Stability and Perpetuation of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 (HTLV-1) in Intrafamilial Transmissions of Infection in an Endemic Region of the Brazilian Amazon: A Pilot Study.Journal of tropical medicine · 2025Article
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Breastfeeding: Clinical Considerations and Mechanisms of Transmission in the Modern Era of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy.Clinics in perinatology · 2024Review
- HIV-1 exploits LBPA-dependent intraepithelial trafficking for productive infection of human intestinal mucosa.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection?Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- Reconstruction of a polyclonal ADCC antibody repertoire from an HIV-1 non-transmitting mother.iScience · 2023Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) via breast-feeding can occur throughout lactation. Defining both fluctuation in breast-milk virus level over time and how breast-milk virus correlates with mother-to-child transmission is important for establishing effective interventions. We quantified breast-milk HIV-1 RNA levels in serial samples collected from 275 women for up to 2 years after delivery. Higher maternal plasma virus load, lower maternal CD4 T cell count, and detection of HIV-1 DNA in maternal genital secretions were significantly associated with elevated breast-milk HIV-1 RNA. Within women who breast-fed, median virus load in colostrum/early milk was significantly higher than that in mature breast milk collected 14 days after delivery (P< or =.004). Breast-feeding mothers who transmitted HIV-1 to their infants had both significantly higher breast-milk viral RNA throughout lactation and more-consistent viral shedding, compared with mothers who did not transmit HIV-1. In breast-feeding women, a 2-fold-increased risk of transmission was associated with every 10-fold increase in breast-milk virus load (95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.0; P<.001). These results indicate that the risk of infant infection from breast-feeding is influenced by breast-milk virus load, which is highest early after delivery.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.