ArticleInfection and immunity2003
Two novel superantigens found in both group A and group C Streptococcus.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Presence of Group A streptococcus frequently assayed virulence genes in invasive disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical application of benzathine penicillin G as secondary prophylaxis and vaccines for patients with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: A comprehensive review.International journal of cardiology. Congenital heart disease · 2026Review
- Molecular study ofOpen veterinary journal · 2025Article
- Geographic diversity of theFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Whole-Genome Sequencing and Phenotypic Analysis ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Toxic Shock Syndrome From Group C Streptococcus.Cureus · 2022Article
- Pilus proteins from Streptococcus pyogenes stimulate innate immune responses through Toll-like receptor 2.Immunology and cell biology · 2022Article
- SpeS: A Novel Superantigen and Its Potential as a Vaccine Adjuvant against Strangles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Impact of Superantigen-Producing Bacteria on T Cells from Tonsillar Hyperplasia.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Pathogenicity Factors in Group C and G Streptococci.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Review
- Genetics and Pathogenicity Factors of Group C and G Streptococci.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Review
- Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes virulence genes in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis from Vellore, India.Folia microbiologica · 2018Article
- The prophage-encoded hyaluronate lyase has broad substrate specificity and is regulated by the N-terminal domain.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2014Article
- Distribution of superantigens in group A streptococcal isolates from Salvador, Brazil.BMC infectious diseases · 2014Article
- Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigen exotoxins.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2013Review
- Emergence of Streptococcus pyogenes emm102 causing toxic shock syndrome in Southern Taiwan during 2005-2012.PloS one · 2013Article
- Superantigen gene complement of Streptococcus pyogenes--relationship with other typing methods and short-term stability.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2013Article
- Evolutionary paths of streptococcal and staphylococcal superantigens.BMC genomics · 2012Article
- Superantigen profiles of emm and emm-like typeable and nontypeable pharyngeal streptococcal isolates of South India.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2012Article
- A crucial role for IL-6 in the CNS of rats during fever induced by the injection of live E. coli.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Two novel streptococcal superantigen genes (speL(Se) and speM(Se)) were identified from the Streptococcus equi genome database at the Sanger Center. Genotyping of 8 S. equi isolates and 40 Streptococcus pyogenes isolates resulted in the detection of the orthologous genes speL and speM in a restricted number of S. pyogenes isolates (15 and 5%, respectively). Surprisingly, the novel superantigen genes could not be found in any of the analyzed S. equi isolates. The results suggest that both genes are located on a mobile element that enables gene transfer between individual isolates and between streptococci from different Lancefield groups. S. equi pyrogenic exotoxin L (SPE-L(Se))/streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin L (SPE-L) and SPE-M(Se)/SPE-M are most closely related to SMEZ, SPE-C, SPE-G, and SPE-J, but build a separate branch within this group. Recombinant SPE-L (rSPE-L) and rSPE-M were highly mitogenic for human peripheral blood lymphocytes, with half-maximum responses at 1 and 10 pg/ml, respectively. The results from competitive binding experiments suggest that both proteins bind major histocompatibility complex class II at the beta-chain, but not at the alpha-chain. The most common targets for both toxins were human Vbeta1.1 expressing T cells. Seroconversion against SPE-L and SPE-M was observed in healthy blood donors, suggesting that the toxins are expressed in vivo. Interestingly, the speL gene is highly associated with S. pyogenes M89, a serotype that is linked to acute rheumatic fever in New Zealand.
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