ReviewJournal of epidemiology2003
Epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease in women.
Review in Journal of epidemiology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Implications of inflammation and sex in lower extremity arterial disease.European journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Perioperative Complications of Lower Extremity Revascularization for Peripheral Artery Disease.Annals of vascular surgery · 2025Article
- Prediction of Major Adverse Limb Events in Females with Peripheral Artery Disease using Blood-Based Biomarkers and Clinical Features.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2025Article
- The Pink Tax: Sex and Gender Disparities in Peripheral Artery Disease.US cardiology · 2024Review
- Women, lipids, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a call to action from the European Atherosclerosis Society.European heart journal · 2023Article
- Sex-Based Differences in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes among Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: A Retrospective Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Position Statement on Women's Cardiovascular Health - 2022.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2022Article
- Sex-related differences in treatment and outcome of chronic limb-threatening ischaemia: a real-world cohort.European heart journal · 2022Article
- Sex-Specific Differences in Cardiovascular Risk, Risk Factors and Risk Management in the Peripheral Arterial Disease Population.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Review
- Sex Differences in Peripheral Artery Disease.Circulation research · 2022Review
- Article
- Gender Differences in the Medical Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Women's Reproductive History and Pre-Clinical Peripheral Arterial Disease in Late Life: The San Diego Population Study.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2019Article
- Gender variation in symptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease among type-2 diabetic patients.SAGE open medicine · 2019Article
- Peripheral Arterial Disease in Women: an Overview of Risk Factor Profile, Clinical Features, and Outcomes.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2018Review
- Sex Differences in the Incidence of Peripheral Artery Disease in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort.Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes · 2016Article
- Challenges associated with peripheral arterial disease in women.Vascular health and risk management · 2014Review
- Gender-related variation in the clinical presentation and outcomes of critical limb ischemia.Vascular medicine (London, England) · 2013Article
- Peripheral arterial disease in the Middle East: Underestimated predictor of worse outcome.Global cardiology science & practice · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPeripheral arterial disease is a common disease, which increases with age and presence of vascular risk factors. The extended longevity in industrialized nations coupled with the expanding elderly female population is predicted to lead to an increase in the prevalence of this condition. Little attention has been focussed on gender differences in peripheral arterial disease, or its epidemiology in women.
methodsMEDLINE search of English-language reports published between 1966 and 2002 and search of references of relevant papers.
resultsAcross various populations of women with different ages and risk factor levels, the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease ranged between 3% and 29%. Diagnosis in women using a sensitive and specific non-invasive test, the ankle-brachial index, detects about 3-5 times the cases than those diagnosed by history of intermittent claudication alone. Contrary to earlier beliefs, prevalence of peripheral arterial disease is similar in women and men, and women may have more asymptomatic disease. Importantly, women with peripheral arterial disease have 2-4 fold increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for peripheral arterial disease appear to be similar in men and women, however relative risks vary somewhat.
conclusionsPerforming non-invasive testing (e.g. ankle-brachial index) can better diagnose peripheral arterial disease in women than history alone. These women share risk factors with other vascular diseases (coronary and cerebrovascular disease) and should undergo risk factor modification to reduce their cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. More research is needed including aggressive risk factor management in women with asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.