ArticleJournal of virology2003
B cells and antibody play critical roles in the immediate defense of disseminated infection by West Nile encephalitis virus.
Article in Journal of virology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01856205 (A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Immunoglobulin), which is not on this map. Cited by 270 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) in Children With Japanese Encephalitis in Nepal
Who cites it
270 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 469 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of all immune epitope data in the Flavivirus genus: inventory of current immune epitope data status in the context of virus immunity and immunopathology.Viral immunology · 2010Pooled it
- A preliminary randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin for Japanese encephalitis in Nepal.PloS one · 2015Trial
- IL-1β signaling promotes CNS-intrinsic immune control of West Nile virus infection.PLoS pathogens · 2012Trial
- West Nile Virus in People with HIV: Immune Vulnerability, Neuroinvasive Disease, and Diagnostic Challenges.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- Brain endothelial cells orchestrate a neuroprotective antiviral state in the CNS in response to peripheral viral pattern sensing.Immunity · 2026Article
- Interferon-α and -β subtypes have temporally distinct roles in containing viral spread and protecting vital organs.Research square · 2026Article
- MyD88 signaling in myeloid cells induces gastrointestinal tract injury and systemic inflammation after West Nile virus infection.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Development of whole virion inactivated Kyasanur Forest Disease vaccine candidate and its preclinical safety and efficacy evaluation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- West Nile virus vaccine candidates attenuated by dinucleotide enrichment are immunogenic and protective against lethal infection.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Reprogramming of liver metabolism during West Nile virus infection unveils novel aspects of disease pathophysiology.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- MyD88 signalling in B cells and antibody responses during Oropouche virus-induced neurological disease in mice.EBioMedicine · 2025Article
- From Antibodies to Immunity: Assessing Correlates of Flavivirus Protection and Cross-Reactivity.Vaccines · 2025Review
- West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risks.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- West Nile virus triggers intestinal dysmotility via T cell-mediated enteric nervous system injury.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
- Early cellular and molecular signatures correlate with severity of West Nile virus infection.iScience · 2023Article
- Impact of the microbiome on mosquito-borne diseases.Protein & cell · 2023Review
- Blockade of interferon signaling decreases gut barrier integrity and promotes severe West Nile virus disease.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Comprehensive Review of Transmission, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Prevention.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Advances in viral encephalitis: Viral transmission, host immunity, and experimental animal models.Zoological research · 2023Review
- Diagnosis of Neurological Infections in Pediatric Patients from Cell-Free DNA Specimens by Using Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
210 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) causes severe central nervous system (CNS) infection primarily in humans who are immunocompromised or elderly. In this study, we addressed the mechanism by which the immune system limits dissemination of WNV infection by infecting wild-type and immunodeficient inbred C57BL/6J mice with a low-passage WNV isolate from the recent epidemic in New York state. Wild-type mice replicated virus extraneuronally in the draining lymph nodes and spleen during the first 4 days of infection. Subsequently, virus spread to the spinal cord and the brain at virtually the same time. Congenic mice that were genetically deficient in B cells and antibody (microMT mice) developed increased CNS viral burdens and were vulnerable to lethal infection at low doses of virus. Notably, an approximately 500-fold difference in serum viral load was detected in micro MT mice as early as 4 days after infection, a point in the infection when low levels of neutralizing immunoglobulin M antibody were detected in wild-type mice. Passive transfer of heat-inactivated serum from infected and immune wild-type mice protected micro MT mice against morbidity and mortality. We conclude that antibodies and B cells play a critical early role in the defense against disseminated infection by WNV.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.