ArticleThe Journal of cell biology2003
Anthrax toxin triggers endocytosis of its receptor via a lipid raft-mediated clathrin-dependent process.
Article in The Journal of cell biology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 210 papers.
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Who cites it
210 citing papers in PubMed, 477 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacterial pore-forming toxins: mechanisms and implications for host immunity.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- Anthrax Toxin: A Pioneer of Targeted Protein Toxins.Toxins · 2025Review
- Pore Formation by Pore Forming Proteins in Lipid Membranes: Structural Insights Through Cryo-EM.The Journal of membrane biology · 2025Review
- ERK pathway reactivation prevents anthrax toxin lethality in mice.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin inhibits Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, Corynebacterium diphtheriae diphtheria toxin and B. anthracis fusion toxin.Scientific reports · 2024Article
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- Early Circulating Edema Factor in Inhalational Anthrax Infection: Does It Matter?Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Article
- Refining S-acylation: Structure, regulation, dynamics, and therapeutic implications.The Journal of cell biology · 2023Article
- Light-dependent inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in yeast unveils conserved functions of the AP2 complex.iScience · 2023Article
- AB Toxins as High-Affinity Ligands for Cell Targeting in Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Cholesterol- and actin-centered view of the plasma membrane: updating the Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic model to commemorate its 50th anniversaryMolecular biology of the cell · 2023Article
- Dynamics and Patterning of 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2 Subtype Receptors in JC Polyomavirus Entry.Viruses · 2022Article
- Pneumolysin boosts the neuroinflammatory response to Streptococcus pneumoniae through enhanced endocytosis.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Lipid larceny: channelizing host lipids for establishing successful pathogenesis by bacteria.Virulence · 2021Review
- Salmonella Typhimurium manipulates macrophage cholesterol homeostasis through the SseJ-mediated suppression of the host cholesterol transport protein ABCA1.Cellular microbiology · 2021Article
- Anthrax toxin translocation complex reveals insight into the lethal factor unfolding and refolding mechanism.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Natural and Designed Toxins for Precise Therapy: Modern Approaches in Experimental Oncology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Assembly and Function of the Anthrax Toxin Protein Translocation Complex.Sub-cellular biochemistry · 2021Review
- Anthrax Protective Antigen Retargeted with Single-Chain Variable Fragments Delivers Enzymes to Pancreatic Cancer Cells.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2020Article
150 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The protective antigen (PA) of the anthrax toxin binds to a cell surface receptor and thereby allows lethal factor (LF) to be taken up and exert its toxic effect in the cytoplasm. Here, we report that clustering of the anthrax toxin receptor (ATR) with heptameric PA or with an antibody sandwich causes its association to specialized cholesterol and glycosphingolipid-rich microdomains of the plasma membrane (lipid rafts). We find that although endocytosis of ATR is slow, clustering it into rafts either via PA heptamerization or using an antibody sandwich is necessary and sufficient to trigger efficient internalization and allow delivery of LF to the cytoplasm. Importantly, altering raft integrity using drugs prevented LF delivery and cleavage of cytosolic MAPK kinases, suggesting that lipid rafts could be therapeutic targets for drugs against anthrax. Moreover, we show that internalization of PA is dynamin and Eps15 dependent, indicating that the clathrin-dependent pathway is the major route of anthrax toxin entry into the cell. The present work illustrates that although the physiological role of the ATR is unknown, its trafficking properties, i.e., slow endocytosis as a monomer and rapid clathrin-mediated uptake on clustering, make it an ideal anthrax toxin receptor.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.