Trial reportDiabetes care2003
Metformin as an adjunct therapy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and insulin resistance: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in Diabetes care, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01881828 (A Randomized Trial of Metformin as Adjunct Therapy for Overweight Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes), which is not on this map. Cited by 37 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized Trial of Metformin as Adjunct Therapy for Overweight Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 161 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy and Safety of Metformin as Add-on Therapy to Insulin in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Effect and Safety of Adding Metformin to Insulin Therapy in Treating Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 10 Randomized Controlled Trials.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Age, sex, disease severity, and disease duration difference in placebo response: implications from a meta-analysis of diabetes mellitus.BMC medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitor/Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Add-On to Insulin Therapy on Glucose Homeostasis and Body Weight in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Network Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Pooled it
- Drug interventions for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- The use of metformin in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review of efficacy.Diabetologia · 2010 · on this mapPooled it
- Metformin added to insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus in adolescents.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2009Pooled it
- Effects of low dose metformin in adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled study.Pediatric diabetes · 2015Trial
- A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Adjunctive Metformin Therapy in Overweight/Obese Youth with Type 1 Diabetes.PloS one · 2015 · on this mapTrial
- Does metformin improve vascular health in children with type 1 diabetes? Protocol for a one year, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial.BMC pediatrics · 2013Trial
- Effect of adjunct metformin treatment in patients with type-1 diabetes and persistent inadequate glycaemic control. A randomized study.PloS one · 2008Trial
- Improvement of glycemic control after a 3-5 day insulin infusion in type 2-diabetic patients with insulin resistance can be maintained with glitazone therapy.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2006Trial
- Evaluating the Effect on Total Daily Insulin Dose in Adult Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Managed with Metformin and/or GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists.Innovations in pharmacy · 2025Article
- Metabolic syndrome associated with higher glycemic variability in type 1 diabetes: A multicenter cross-sectional study in china.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- The Current and Potential Therapeutic Use of Metformin-The Good Old Drug.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Nutrition and Obesity in the Pathogenesis of Youth-Onset Type 1 Diabetes and Its Complications.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Review
- Management of diabetes complications in youth.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2019Review
- Prevalence and identification of type 1 diabetes in Chinese adults with newly diagnosed diabetes.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2019Article
- Understanding of type 1 diabetes mellitus: what we know and where we go.Korean journal of pediatrics · 2018Article
- A Review of Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes: Is There a Place for Adjunctive Metformin?Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2018 · on this mapReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate whether, in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, the addition of metformin to insulin and standard diabetes management results in 1) higher insulin sensitivity and 2) lower HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin dosage (units per kilogram per day) and BMI. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThis was a randomized, placebo-controlled 3-month trial of metformin therapy in 27 adolescents with type 1 diabetes, high insulin dosage (>1 unit. kg(-1). day(-1)), and HbA1c >8%, with measurements of insulin sensitivity (by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test [FSIGT]), HbA1c, insulin dosage, and BMI at the onset and end of treatment.
resultsAt t = 0, HbA1c was 9.2 +/- 0.9%, insulin dosage was 1.2 +/- 0.2 units. kg(-1). day(-1), fasting glucose was 10.6 +/- 2.4 mmol/l, and BMI was 24.2 +/- 3.9 kg/m2 (means +/- SD), with no difference between the metformin and placebo groups. At the end of the study, HbA1c was 0.6% lower in the metformin group than in the placebo group (P < 0.05). This was achieved at lower daily insulin dosages (metformin group -0.14 +/- 0.1 vs. placebo group 0.02 +/- 0.2 units. kg(-1). day(-1); P < 0.05), with no significant change in BMI. Fasting glucose levels improved significantly in the metformin group (P < 0.05). Change in insulin sensitivity, measured by FSIGT, was not significantly different between the two groups at study end. Mild hypoglycemia occurred more frequently in the metformin-treated than in the placebo subjects (1.75 +/- 0.8 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.4 events. patient(-1). week(-1); P = 0.03). There were no differences in frequency of severe hypoglycemic episodes or gastrointestinal complaints between the two groups.
conclusionsMetformin treatment lowered HbA1c and decreased insulin dosage with no weight gain in teens with type 1 diabetes in poor metabolic control. Changes in insulin sensitivity were not documented in this study using the FSIGT. Long-term studies will determine whether these improvements are sustained and whether certain subgroups accrue greater benefit from this therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.