ArticleJournal of bacteriology2003
Multiple promoter inversions generate surface antigenic variation in Mycoplasma penetrans.
Article in Journal of bacteriology, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolutionary Genomics of Human Gut Bacteria: Ecological Plasticity Across the Mutualism-Pathogenicity Spectrum.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Role of P38 lipoprotein in Mycoplasma penetrans adhesion to human urothelial cells.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Unveiling the stealthy tactics: mycoplasma's immune evasion strategies.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Maximum depth sequencing reveals an ON/OFF replication slippage switch and apparent in vivo selection for bifidobacterial pilus expression.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Review
- TheAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Genome erosion and evidence for an intracellular niche - exploring the biology of mycoplasmas in Atlantic salmon.Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2021Article
- Molecular Mechanisms ofJournal of bacteriology · 2019Article
- Invertible promoters mediate bacterial phase variation, antibiotic resistance, and host adaptation in the gut.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2019Article
- Phase Variation ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2019Article
- The Variable Internal Structure of the Mycoplasma penetrans Attachment Organelle Revealed by Biochemical and Microscopic Analyses: Implications for Attachment Organelle Mechanism and Evolution.Journal of bacteriology · 2017Article
- Occurrence, plasticity, and evolution of the vpma gene family, a genetic system devoted to high-frequency surface variation in Mycoplasma agalactiae.Journal of bacteriology · 2009Article
- Binding of IgA by Mycoplasma penetrans.Current microbiology · 2009Article
- Genome of Mycoplasma arthritidis.Infection and immunity · 2008Article
- Phase-locked mutants of Mycoplasma agalactiae: defining the molecular switch of high-frequency Vpma antigenic variation.Molecular microbiology · 2008Article
- Interactions between mycoplasma lipid-associated membrane proteins and the host cells.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2006Review
- Avoidance of the host immune system through phase variation in Mycoplasma pulmonis.Infection and immunity · 2005Article
- Phase and antigenic variation in bacteria.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2004Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mycoplasma penetrans is a newly identified species of the genus MYCOPLASMA: It was first isolated from a urine sample from a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient. M. penetrans changes its surface antigen profile with high frequency. The changes originate from ON<==>OFF phase variations of the P35 family of surface membrane lipoproteins. The P35 family lipoproteins are major antigens recognized by the human immune system during M. penetrans infection and are encoded by the mpl genes. Phase variations of P35 family lipoproteins occur at the transcriptional level of mpl genes; however, the precise genetic mechanisms are unknown. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of surface antigen profile change in M. penetrans were investigated. The focus was on the 46-kDa protein that is present in M. penetrans strain HF-2 but not in the type strain, GTU. The 46-kDa protein was the product of a previously reported mpl gene, pepIMP13, with an amino-terminal sequence identical to that of the P35 family lipoproteins. Nucleotide sequencing analysis of the pepIMP13 gene region revealed that the promoter-containing 135-bp DNA of this gene had the structure of an invertible element that functioned as a switch for gene expression. In addition, all of the mpl genes of M. penetrans HF-2 were identified using the whole-genome sequence data that has recently become available for this bacterium. There are at least 38 mpl genes in the M. penetrans HF-2 genome. Interestingly, most of these mpl genes possess invertible promoter-like sequences, similar to those of the pepIMP13 gene promoter. A model for the generation of surface antigenic variation by multiple promoter inversions is proposed.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.