ReviewCNS drugs2003
Oxidative mechanisms and tardive dyskinesia.
Review in CNS drugs, 2003. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 212 citations in OpenAlex.
- BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia occurrence and severity: a meta-analysis.Schizophrenia research · 2014Pooled it
- Trial
- Antioxidant Enzymes and Weight Gain in Drug-naive First-episode Schizophrenia Patients Treated with Risperidone for 12 Weeks: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.Current neuropharmacology · 2022Trial
- The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract added to haloperidol on peripheral T cell subsets in drug-free schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Psychopharmacology · 2006Trial
- Tardive Dyskinesia Induced by Long-Acting Injectable Paliperidone Palmitate Once Every 3 Months in a Patient With Schizophrenia: A Case Report and Literature Review.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Plasma Metabolic Characteristics and Potential Biomarker Combinations in Schizophrenia Patients With Tardive Dyskinesia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Milnacipran and Vanillin Alleviate Fibromyalgia-Associated Depression in Reserpine-Induced Rat Model: Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Unique and overlapping mechanisms of valbenazine, deutetrabenazine, and vitamin E for tardive dyskinesia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroprotective Effects of Clavulanic Acid and Crocin in Haloperidol-Induced Tardive Dyskinesia in Rats.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts ofAdvances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Article
- Putative role of immune reactions in the mechanism of tardive dyskinesia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2023Review
- α-Tocopherol Protects Lipopolysaccharide-Activated BV2 Microglia.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Analysis of the Influence of IL-6 and the Activation of the Jak/Stat3 Pathway in Fibromyalgia.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Genetic Susceptibility to Tardive Dyskinesia and Cognitive Impairments in Chinese Han Schizophrenia: Role of Oxidative Stress-Related and Adenosine Receptor Genes.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2023Article
- Historical developments, hotspots, and trends in tardive dyskinesia research: a scientometric analysis of 54 years of publications.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Association between Changes in Total Antioxidant Levels and Clinical Symptom Improvement in Patients with Antipsychotic-Naïve First-Episode Schizophrenia after 3 Months of Risperidone Monotherapy.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Pathophysiology, prognosis and treatment of tardive dyskinesia.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2022Review
- Reserpine-induced altered neuro-behavioral, biochemical and histopathological assessments prevent by enhanced antioxidant defence system of thymoquinone in mice.Metabolic brain disease · 2021Article
- Role of Vitamin E and the Orexin System in Neuroprotection.Brain sciences · 2021Review
- Altered Antioxidant Defenses in Drug-Naive First Episode Patients with Schizophrenia Are Associated with Poor Treatment Response to Risperidone: 12-Week Results from a Prospective Longitudinal Study.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2021Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia has been and continues to be a significant problem associated with long-term antipsychotic use, but its pathophysiology remains unclear. In the last 10 years, preclinical studies of the administration of antipsychotics to animals, as well as clinical studies of oxidative processes in patients given antipsychotic medications, with and without tardive dyskinesia, have continued to support the possibility that neurotoxic free radical production may be an important consequence of antipsychotic treatment, and that such production may relate to the development of dyskinetic phenomena. In line with this hypothesis, evidence has accumulated for the efficacy of antioxidants, primarily vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), in the treatment and prevention of tardive dyskinesia. Early studies suggested a modest effect of vitamin E treatment on existing tardive dyskinesia, but later studies did not demonstrate a significant effect. Because evidence has continued to accumulate for increased oxidative damage from antipsychotic medications, but less so for the effectiveness of vitamin E, especially in cases of long-standing tardive dyskinesia, alternative antioxidant approaches to the condition may be warranted. These approaches may include the use of antioxidants as a preventive measure for tardive dyskinesia or the use of other antioxidants or neuroprotective drugs, such as melatonin, for established tardive dyskinesia.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.