ArticleNucleic acids research2002
Characterization of the frameshift stimulatory signal controlling a programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gag mutations can impact virological response to dual-boosted protease inhibitor combinations in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected patients.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2010Trial
- Open questions on viral frameshifting: Exploiting the structural plasticity of the frameshifting element for therapeutic intervention.Biophysical journal · 2026Review
- Development of a tetracycline-inducible programmed ribosomal frameshifting platform for sensitive regulation of mammalian gene expression.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis for Evaluating ASO Targeting Structured RNA.Methods and protocols · 2026Article
- Protein-inducible ribosomal frameshifting enables programmable translational control for genetic circuit design in Escherichia coli.Journal of biological engineering · 2026Article
- Phosphorylation of shiftless is important for inhibiting the programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift.Science advances · 2025Article
- Conformational Analysis and Structure-Altering Mutations of the HIV-1 Frameshifting Element.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The translational landscape of HIV-1 infected cells reveals key gene regulatory principles.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2025Article
- RNA levers and switches controlling viral gene expression.Trends in biochemical sciences · 2023Review
- RNA-As-Graphs Motif Atlas-Dual Graph Library of RNA Modules and Viral Frameshifting-Element Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Review
- Live-Cell Single RNA Imaging Reveals Bursts of Translational Frameshifting.Molecular cell · 2019Article
- Mechanisms and biomedical implications of -1 programmed ribosome frameshifting on viral and bacterial mRNAs.FEBS letters · 2019Review
- Modulation of HIV-1 Gag/Gag-Pol frameshifting by tRNA abundance.Nucleic acids research · 2019Article
- Refining the Ambush Hypothesis: Evidence That GC- and AT-Rich Bacteria Employ Different Frameshift Defence Strategies.Genome biology and evolution · 2018Article
- Specific reverse transcriptase slippage at the HIV ribosomal frameshift sequence: potential implications for modulation of GagPol synthesis.Nucleic acids research · 2017Article
- Conformational dynamics of the frameshift stimulatory structure in HIV-1.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2017Article
- Mimicking Ribosomal Unfolding of RNA Pseudoknot in a Protein Channel.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2015Article
- Dynamic motions of the HIV-1 frameshift site RNA.Biophysical journal · 2015Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Synthesis of the Gag-Pol protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires a programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting when ribosomes translate the unspliced viral messenger RNA. This frameshift occurs at a slippery sequence followed by an RNA structure motif that stimulates frameshifting. This motif is commonly assumed to be a simple stem-loop for HIV-1. In this study, we show that the frameshift stimulatory signal is more complex than believed and consists of a two-stem helix. The upper stem-loop corresponds to the classic stem-loop, and the lower stem is formed by pairing the spacer region following the slippery sequence and preceding this classic stem-loop with a segment downstream of this stem-loop. A three-purine bulge interrupts the two stems. This structure was suggested by enzymatic probing with nuclease V1 of an RNA fragment corresponding to the gag/pol frameshift region of HIV-1. The involvement of the novel lower stem in frameshifting was supported by site-directed mutagenesis. A fragment encompassing the gag/pol frameshift region of HIV-1 was inserted in the beginning of the coding sequence of a reporter gene coding for the firefly luciferase, such that expression of luciferase requires a -1 frameshift. When the reporter was expressed in COS cells, mutations that disrupt the capacity to form the lower stem reduced frameshifting, whereas compensatory changes that allow re-formation of this stem restored the frameshift efficiency near wild-type level. The two-stem structure that we propose for the frameshift stimulatory signal of HIV-1 differs from the RNA triple helix structure recently proposed.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.