ArticleJournal of virology2002
RNA structure and packaging signals in the 5' leader region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome.
Article in Journal of virology, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Lentiviral Vectors: From Wild-Type Viruses to Efficient Multi-Functional Delivery Vectors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- MMTV RNA packaging requires an extended long-range interaction for productive Gag binding to packaging signals.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Retroviral PBS-segment sequence and structure: Orchestrating early and late replication events.Retrovirology · 2024Review
- Identification of a putative Gag binding site critical for feline immunodeficiency virus genomic RNA packaging.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2023Article
- The human cellular protein NoL12 is a specific partner of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein NCp7.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Article
- Sequestering the 5'-cap for viral RNA packaging.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2022Article
- Upstream of N-Ras (Unr/CSDE1) Interacts with NCp7 and Gag, Modulating HIV-1 IRES-Mediated Translation Initiation.Viruses · 2022Article
- Global mapping of RNA homodimers in living cells.Genome research · 2022Article
- Classification and clustering of RNA crosslink-ligation data reveal complex structures and homodimers.Genome research · 2022Article
- A novel role for gag as a cis-acting element regulating RNA structure, dimerization and packaging in HIV-1 lentiviral vectors.Nucleic acids research · 2022Article
- Selective packaging of HIV-1 RNA genome is guided by the stability of 5' untranslated region polyA stem.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- 5'-Cap sequestration is an essential determinant of HIV-1 genome packaging.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Visualizing Rous Sarcoma Virus Genomic RNA Dimerization in the Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and at the Plasma Membrane.Viruses · 2021Article
- A purine loop and the primer binding site are critical for the selective encapsidation of mouse mammary tumor virus genomic RNA by Pr77Gag.Nucleic acids research · 2021Article
- NMR Studies of Retroviral Genome Packaging.Viruses · 2020Review
- Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The leader region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome has a highly folded structure, comprising at least two RNA stem-loops [the transactivation response (TAR) and poly(A) hairpins] near its 5' end and four others (SL1 to SL4) downstream. Each of these stem-loops contributes to the function of the HIV-1 packaging signal, which efficiently targets genomic RNA into nascent virions. The central 140-base region of the leader, which includes the U5 and primer binding site (PBS) sequences, is also believed to adopt a complex structure, but the nature of this structure and its possible role in RNA packaging have not been extensively explored. Here we report a mutational analysis identifying at least three separate loci within the U5-PBS region which, when mutated, impair both HIV-1 packaging specificity and infectivity in a single-round proviral assay. In common with those of all previously described packaging signals in the leader, the function of one of these loci appeared to depend on secondary structure rather than on sequence alone. By contrast, the activity of the other two loci did not correlate with any predicted conformations. Moreover, unlike SL1 to SL4, the TAR, poly(A), and U5-PBS hairpins were not bound with high affinity by the nucleocapsid portion of the HIV-1 Gag protein in vitro, implying that they contribute to packaging through a mechanism distinct from that of SL1 to SL4. Our findings confirm the existence and importance of secondary structure around the PBS and demonstrate that functional packaging signals are distributed across the entire HIV-1 leader.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.