ArticleImmunology2002
Cytokines in Lyme borreliosis: lack of early tumour necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta1 responses are associated with chronic neuroborreliosis.
Article in Immunology, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarkers of Lyme neuroborreliosis: a systematic review.Infection · 2026Review
- Assessment of lipid mediators in the urine of patients with Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Isolated Optic Neuritis Revealing Lyme Disease in an Adolescent: A Case Report and Literature Review.Cureus · 2025Article
- Biomarker-Based Analysis of Pain in Patients with Tick-Borne Infections before and after Antibiotic Treatment.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Hypoxia Induces MacrophageFrontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Effects of dexamethasone and meloxicam on Borrelia burgdorferi-induced inflammation in glial and neuronal cells of the central nervous system.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2017Article
- Diagnostic value of cytokines and chemokines in lyme neuroborreliosis.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2013Article
- Indications of Th1 and Th17 responses in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis: a large retrospective study.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2011Article
- Possible role of glial cells in the onset and progression of Lyme neuroborreliosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2009Article
- Interaction of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi with brain parenchyma elicits inflammatory mediators from glial cells as well as glial and neuronal apoptosis.The American journal of pathology · 2008Article
- Interleukin-10 anti-inflammatory response to Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease: a possible role for suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 and 3.Infection and immunity · 2006Article
- Lyme borreliosis reinfection: might it be explained by a gender difference in immune response?Immunology · 2006Article
- Reduced number of interleukin-12 secreting cells in patients with Lyme borreliosis previously exposed to Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2006Article
- Innate immune responses in Lyme borreliosis: enhanced tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-12 in asymptomatic individuals in response to live spirochetes.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2005Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The clinical outcome of the tick born infection Lyme borreliosis seems to be influenced by the type of immune response mounted during the disease, as suggested by various animal models. Here we report the serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in samples drawn at different disease intervals during the course of non-chronic neuroborreliosis (n=10), chronic neuroborreliosis (n=15), erythema migrans (n=8, serum only) and controls (n=7). When comparing early neuroborreliosis cerebrospinal fluid samples, significantly higher levels of TNF-alpha were found in non-chronic patients than in chronic patients (P<0.05). Moreover, TGF-beta1 was increased in the early serum samples of non-chronic patients, as compared to chronic patients (P<0.01). Elevated serum levels of TGF-beta1 were also found in erythema migrans as compared to neuroborreliosis and controls (P<0.05). The high TNF-alpha levels noted in early cerebrospinal fluid samples of non-chronic patients only, possibly reflects an ongoing pro-inflammatory immune response in the central nervous system, which could be beneficial in eliminating disease. High serum levels of TGF-beta1 probably mirror an anti-inflammatory response, which might play a role in controlling the systemic immune response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.