ArticleTeratology2002
Talipes equinovarus and maternal smoking: a population-based case-control study in Washington state.
Article in Teratology, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls.Human reproduction updatePooled it
- Determinants for Congenital Clubfoot in Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study at Black Lion Specialized Hospital.Health science reports · 2026Article
- MiRNA Expression Profile as a Potential Biomarker for Idiopathic Congenital Talipes Equinovarus: An Exploratory Study.Orthopedic reviews · 2026Article
- Risk Factors of Idiopathic Congenital Clubfoot in the South of Vietnam: A Hospital-Based Study.Cureus · 2025Article
- The Incidence of Clubfoot in the Czech Republic: A Nationwide Epidemiological Study from 2000 to 2014.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Birth Anomalies in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins: Results From the California Twin Registry.Journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Three novel missense mutations in the filamin B gene are associated with isolated congenital talipes equinovarus.Human genetics · 2016Article
- Are incidence and severity of clubfoot related to the season of birth?World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2016Article
- Association between maternal age at conception and risk of idiopathic clubfoot.Acta orthopaedica · 2016Article
- Comparison of web versus interview participants in a case-control study.Annals of epidemiology · 2015Article
- Descriptive epidemiology of idiopathic clubfoot.American journal of medical genetics. Part A · 2013Article
- Descriptive epidemiology of clubfoot in Peru: a clinic-based study.The Iowa orthopaedic journal · 2013Article
- Descriptive epidemiology of clubfoot in Vietnam: a clinic-based study.The Iowa orthopaedic journal · 2012Article
- Article
- Smoking, the xenobiotic pathway, and clubfoot.Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology · 2011Article
- Epidemiology of congenital idiopathic talipes equinovarus in Iowa, 1997-2005.American journal of medical genetics. Part A · 2010Article
- The association between idiopathic clubfoot and increased internal hip rotation.Clinical orthopaedics and related research · 2009Article
- Magnetic resonance angiography in clubfoot and vertical talus: a feasibility study.Clinical orthopaedics and related research · 2009Article
- Smoking in pregnancy and lactation: a review of risks and cessation strategies.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2009Review
- Maternal vasoactive exposures, amniotic bands, and terminal transverse limb defects.Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology · 2009Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTalipes equinovarus (TEV), also called congenital idiopathic clubfoot, true clubfoot and common clubfoot, is one of the most common major birth defects. Its correction is often difficult and expensive. Its etiology is poorly understood and few analytic epidemiological studies have been devoted to exploring specific risk factors for TEV.
methodsOur population-based study consists of 239 documented cases of idiopathic TEV obtained from hospital and outpatient sources and 365 controls identified via random digit dialing from five Western Washington counties. Structured maternal interviews were conducted by trained interviewers and multiple logistic regression used to evaluate associations between maternal smoking and birth of a child with TEV.
resultsOur study shows strong associations between maternal smoking and idiopathic TEV. Case mothers were more likely to have smoked during pregnancy (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.5, 3.3). Increased TEV risk was seen with increased smoking and estimates ranged from 1.5 for the lightest smokers to 3.9 for the heaviest smokers. Gender specific differences in risk were also noted with risk estimates of 1.8 (95% CI = 1.2, 3.0) for boys whose mothers smoked during pregnancy and 2.8 (95% CI = 1.4, 5.4) for girls. Trends for increased risk with higher numbers of cigarettes were noted for both genders. For isolated TEV, the overall odds ratio (OR) for smoking was 2.4 (95% CI = 1.6, 3.6) with a range from 1.4-4.6. No confounders were noted.
conclusionsAs postulated, maternal smoking during pregnancy appears to increase the risk of having a child with idiopathic clubfoot and the number of cigarettes smoked influence that risk. Further delineation of dose-response is warranted as are continued efforts to decrease maternal smoking during pregnancy.
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