ArticleInfection and immunity2002
Anthrax edema toxin requires influx of calcium for inducing cyclic AMP toxicity in target cells.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early Circulating Edema Factor in Inhalational Anthrax Infection: Does It Matter?Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Article
- Calcium Regulation of Bacterial Virulence.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2020Review
- Protective antigen antibody augments hemodynamic support in anthrax lethal toxin shock in canines.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2012Article
- Anthrax vaccination induced anti-lethal factor IgG: fine specificity and neutralizing capacity.Vaccine · 2011Article
- Bacillus anthracis endospores regulate ornithine decarboxylase and inducible nitric oxide synthase through ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases.Current microbiology · 2010Article
- Select human anthrax protective antigen epitope-specific antibodies provide protection from lethal toxin challenge.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2010Article
- Emergence of anthrax edema toxin as a master manipulator of macrophage and B cell functions.Toxins · 2010Review
- Bacillus anthracis edema toxin suppresses human macrophage phagocytosis and cytoskeletal remodeling via the protein kinase A and exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP pathways.Infection and immunity · 2009Article
- Cellular functions and X-ray structure of anthrolysin O, a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin secreted by Bacillus anthracis.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2009Article
- Anthrax edema toxin inhibits Nox1-mediated formation of reactive oxygen species by colon epithelial cells.Journal of innate immunity · 2009Article
- Identification and characterization of small molecules that inhibit intracellular toxin transport.Infection and immunity · 2007Article
- The large clostridial toxins from Clostridium sordellii and C. difficile repress glucocorticoid receptor activity.Infection and immunity · 2007Article
- Neutralizing antibodies and persistence of immunity following anthrax vaccination.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2006Article
- Roles of macrophages and neutrophils in the early host response to Bacillus anthracis spores in a mouse model of infection.Infection and immunity · 2006Article
- Bacillus anthracis edema toxin inhibits Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B effects in vitro: a potential protein therapeutic?Infection and immunity · 2005Article
- Binary bacterial toxins: biochemistry, biology, and applications of common Clostridium and Bacillus proteins.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2004Review
- Physiological calcium concentrations regulate calmodulin binding and catalysis of adenylyl cyclase exotoxins.The EMBO journal · 2002Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The anthrax edema toxin comprises two proteins: protective antigen and edema factor. Anthrax protective antigen binds to the receptors on the surface of target cells and facilitates the entry of edema factor into these target cells. Edema factor (EF) is an adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the cytosol of the host cells. In this study, we examined the requirement of extracellular calcium for anthrax edema toxin-induced toxicity in host cells. The cAMP response generated by edema toxin was analyzed in a variety of cells, including CHO, macrophage-like RAW264.7, human neutrophils, and human lymphocytes. Our investigations reveal that after EF reaches the cell cytosol, a rapid influx of calcium is triggered in the host cell that has a pivotal role in determining the cAMP response of the affected cells. Although the cAMP response generated by edema toxin in different cell types varied in intensity and in the time of initiation, the influx of calcium invariably preceded cAMP accumulation. Agents that blocked the uptake of calcium also inhibited edema toxin-induced accumulation of cAMP in the host cells. This is the first report that demonstrates that edema toxin induces accumulation of cAMP in lymphocytes. By accumulating cAMP, a potent inhibitor of immune cell function, edema toxin may actually be poisoning the immune system and thus facilitating the survival of the bacteria in the host.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.