ArticleGenes and immunity2002
Biochemical and molecular basis of thimerosal-induced apoptosis in T cells: a major role of mitochondrial pathway.
Article in Genes and immunity, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Treadmill Exercise on the Expression Level of BAX, BAD, BCL-2, BCL-XL, TFAM, and PGC-1α in the Hippocampus of Thimerosal-Treated Rats.Neurotoxicity research · 2021Article
- Dietary exposure to methyl mercury chloride induces alterations in hematology, biochemical parameters, and mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes and metallothionein in Nile tilapia.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- The Putative Role of Environmental Mercury in the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Subtypes.Molecular neurobiology · 2018Review
- Caspase 3 role and immunohistochemical expression in assessment of apoptosis as a feature of H1N1 vaccine-caused Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI).Electronic physician · 2017Article
- An Ingenol Derived from Euphorbia kansui Induces Hepatocyte Cytotoxicity by Triggering G0/G1 Cell Cycle Arrest and Regulating the Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway in Vitro.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Article
- The neuroprotective effect of berberine in mercury-induced neurotoxicity in rats.Metabolic brain disease · 2015Article
- Mercury-induced neurotoxicity and neuroprotective effects of berberine.Neural regeneration research · 2015Article
- Increased susceptibility to ethylmercury-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in a subset of autism lymphoblastoid cell lines.Journal of toxicology · 2015Article
- Suppression by thimerosal of ex-vivo CD4+ T cell response to influenza vaccine and induction of apoptosis in primary memory T cells.PloS one · 2014Article
- Thimerosal compromises human dendritic cell maturation, IL-12 production, chemokine release, and T-helper polarization.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2014Article
- Thimerosal exposure and the role of sulfation chemistry and thiol availability in autism.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2013Review
- Effect of thimerosal, methylmercury, and mercuric chloride in Jurkat T Cell Line.Interdisciplinary toxicology · 2012Article
- MHC class I dimer formation by alteration of the cellular redox environment and induction of apoptosis.Immunology · 2012Article
- Administration of thimerosal to infant rats increases overflow of glutamate and aspartate in the prefrontal cortex: protective role of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.Neurochemical research · 2012Article
- Thimerosal-induced apoptosis in mouse C2C12 myoblast cells occurs through suppression of the PI3K/Akt/survivin pathway.PloS one · 2012Article
- Mercury exposure, nutritional deficiencies and metabolic disruptions may affect learning in children.Behavioral and brain functions : BBF · 2009Article
- Cellular and mitochondrial glutathione redox imbalance in lymphoblastoid cells derived from children with autism.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2009Article
- What is regressive autism and why does it occur? Is it the consequence of multi-systemic dysfunction affecting the elimination of heavy metals and the ability to regulate neural temperature?North American journal of medical sciences · 2009Article
- Hyperthermia induces translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and apoptosis in human glioma cell lines.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2004Article
- Activation of methionine synthase by insulin-like growth factor-1 and dopamine: a target for neurodevelopmental toxins and thimerosal.Molecular psychiatry · 2004Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The major source of thimerosal (ethyl mercury thiosalicylate) exposure is childhood vaccines. It is believed that the children are exposed to significant accumulative dosage of thimerosal during the first 2 years of life via immunization. Because of health-related concerns for exposure to mercury, we examined the effects of thimerosal on the biochemical and molecular steps of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in Jurkat T cells. Thimerosal and not thiosalcylic acid (non-mercury component of thimerosal), in a concentration-dependent manner, induced apoptosis in T cells as determined by TUNEL and propidium iodide assays, suggesting a role of mercury in T cell apoptosis. Apoptosis was associated with depolarization of mitochondrial membrane, release of cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria, and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, but not of caspase-8. In addition, thimerosal in a concentration-dependent manner inhibited the expression of XIAP, cIAP-1 but did not influence cIAP-2 expression. Furthermore, thimerosal enhanced intracellular reactive oxygen species and reduced intracellular glutathione (GSH). Finally, exogenous glutathione protected T cells from thimerosal-induced apoptosis by upregulation of XIAP and cIAP1 and by inhibiting activation of both caspase-9 and caspase-3. These data suggest that thimerosal induces apoptosis in T cells via mitochondrial pathway by inducing oxidative stress and depletion of GSH.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.