ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics2002
Distribution of cyclosporin in organ transplant recipients.
Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 124 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of the Clinical Outcomes of Cyclosporine Short Infusion Versus Continuous Infusion Postallogenic Stem Cell Transplantation.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2025Trial
- Multicenter-Based Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Ciclosporin in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients.Pharmaceutical research · 2019Trial
- Decreased cyclosporine exposure during the remission of nephrotic syndrome.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2007Trial
- Comprehensive distribution analysis of cyclosporin A on mice tissues applying mass spectrometry imaging.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Nonlinear effect of body mass index on postoperative survival following isolated heart transplantation.JHLT open · 2025Article
- Short- and longevity outcome of cyclosporin rescue therapy in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous corticosteroid treatment.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Lipoproteins as Drug Carriers for Cyclosporine A: Optimization of the Entrapment.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Comparison of liquid-liquid extraction, microextraction and ultrafiltration for measuring free concentrations of testosterone and phenytoin.Bioanalysis · 2022Article
- Factors Affecting Time-Varying Clearance of Cyclosporine in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients: A Population Pharmacokinetic Perspective.Pharmaceutical research · 2021Article
- Method for Simultaneous Determination of Free Concentration, Total Concentration, and Plasma Binding Capacity in Clinical Samples.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2021Article
- Comparing Predictions of a PBPK Model for Cyclosporine With Drug Levels From Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- External evaluation of population pharmacokinetic models for ciclosporin in adult renal transplant recipients.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2018Article
- Kidney transplantation in obese patients.World journal of transplantation · 2016Review
- Echinacea purpurea up-regulates CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and MDR1 gene expression by activation of pregnane X receptor pathway.Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems · 2015Article
- Alternative matrices for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressive agents using LC-MS/MS.Bioanalysis · 2015Review
- The investigation of correlation between Iminoral concentration and neurotoxic levels after kidney transplantation.Advanced biomedical research · 2015Article
- PharmGKB summary: cyclosporine and tacrolimus pathways.Pharmacogenetics and genomics · 2013Review
- Higher clearance of micafungin in neonates compared with adults: role of age-dependent micafungin serum binding.Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition · 2011Article
- Explaining variability in ciclosporin exposure in adult kidney transplant recipients.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2010Article
- High serum concentrations of cyclosporin related to administration of tigecycline.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2009Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cyclosporin is an immunosuppressive agent with a narrow therapeutic index. The total concentration of cyclosporin in blood is usually monitored to guide dosage adjustment and to compensate for substantial interindividual and intraindividual variability in cyclosporin pharmacokinetics. Cyclosporin is a highly lipophilic molecule and widely distributes into blood, plasma and tissue components. It mainly accumulates in fat-rich organs, including adipose tissue and liver. In blood, it binds to erythrocytes in a saturable fashion that is dependent on haematocrit, temperature and the concentration of plasma proteins. In plasma, it binds primarily to lipoproteins, including high-density, low-density and very-low-density lipoprotein, and, to a lesser extent, albumin. The unbound fraction of cyclosporin in plasma (CsA(fu)) expressed as a percentage is approximately 2%. It has been shown that both the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of cyclosporin are related to its binding characteristics in plasma. Furthermore, there is some evidence to indicate that the unbound concentration of cyclosporin (CsA(U)) has a closer association with both kidney and heart allograft rejection than the total (bound + unbound) concentration. However, the measurement of CsA(fu) is inherently complex and cannot easily be performed in a clinical setting. Mathematical models that calculate CsA(fu), and hence CsA(U), from the concentration of plasma lipoproteins may be a more practical option, and should provide a more accurate correlate of effectiveness and toxicity of this drug in transplant recipients than do conventional monitoring procedures. In conclusion, the distribution characteristics of cyclosporin in blood, plasma and various tissues are clinically important. Further investigations are needed to verify whether determination of CsA(U) improves the clinical management of transplant recipients.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.