ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2002
Legionella and Legionnaires' disease: 25 years of investigation.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 635 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
635 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,579 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global meta-analysis of short-term associations between ambient temperature and pathogen-specific respiratory infections, 2004 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- Global Perspective ofInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Review Global seroprevalence of legionellosis - a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2020Pooled it
- Water Management for Construction: Evidence for Risk Characterization in Community and Healthcare Settings: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Article
- Article
- Fine-scale structural diversification among closely relatedApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Proteome-Wide Reverse Vaccinology and Immunoinformatics-Guided Design of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine AgainstInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Pathogen genome enrichment sequencing to support a city-wide Legionnaires' disease outbreak investigation.Microbial genomics · 2026Article
- Dental unit waterlines in Israel: evidence of widespread microbial contamination and a need for national regulation.Israel journal of health policy research · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Antimicrobial Susceptibility Shifts in EnvironmentalPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Combination of antibody-based screening methods for the identification and quantification of Legionella pneumophila in process water.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- A Modern Framework for Identifying Novel EnvironmentalLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease Linked to Newly Installed Residential Water Heaters, the Netherlands, 2022-2023.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Environmental Investigations of Travel-Associated Legionnaires' Disease Cases: Timeliness, Microbiological Findings, and Public Health Response.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- A photoactivation-free viability PCR reagent for rapid, culture-independent detection of live bacteria.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Global climate gradients structure soilbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Regulation of ribosome hibernation controlsmBio · 2026Article
- Risk Communication and Infodemic Misframing inMicroorganisms · 2026Article
575 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is still a low level of clinical awareness regarding Legionnaires' disease 25 years after it was first detected. The causative agents, legionellae, are freshwater bacteria with a fascinating ecology. These bacteria are intracellular pathogens of freshwater protozoa and utilize a similar mechanism to infect human phagocytic cells. There have been major advances in delineating the pathogenesis of legionellae through the identification of genes which allow the organism to bypass the endocytic pathways of both protozoan and human cells. Other bacteria that may share this novel infectious process are Coxiella burnetti and Brucella spp. More than 40 species and numerous serogroups of legionellae have been identified. Most diagnostic tests are directed at the species that causes most of the reported human cases of legionellosis, L. pneumophila serogroup 1. For this reason, information on the incidence of human respiratory disease attributable to other species and serogroups of legionellae is lacking. Improvements in diagnostic tests such as the urine antigen assay have inadvertently caused a decrease in the use of culture to detect infection, resulting in incomplete surveillance for legionellosis. Large, focal outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease continue to occur worldwide, and there is a critical need for surveillance for travel-related legionellosis in the United States. There is optimism that newly developed guidelines and water treatment practices can greatly reduce the incidence of this preventable illness.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.