ArticleClinical and experimental immunology2002
The Th1/Th2 cytokine balance changes with the progress of the immunopathological lesion of Sjogren's syndrome.
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.
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Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 213 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Chinese herbal medicine for nourishing yin, supplementing qi, and activating blood on the Th1/Th2 immune balance in peripheral blood in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2013Trial
- Diet and Medicinal Herbs as Adjunctive Approaches to Immune Homeostasis in Sjögren's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The 'target tissues' as orchestrators of autoimmune responses: the paradigm of Sjögren's syndrome.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Review
- IL-12 family cytokines and autoimmune diseases: A potential therapeutic target?Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Review
- Machine learning approach to single cell transcriptomic analysis of Sjogren's disease reveals altered activation states of B and T lymphocytes.Journal of autoimmunity · 2025Article
- Correlation among ocular surface changes and systemic hematologic indexes and disease activity in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a cross-sectional study.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- IFN-γ-producing TScience translational medicine · 2024Article
- Immunological feedback loops generate parasite persistence thresholds that explain variation in infection duration.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Endogenous IL-22 contributes to the pathogenesis of salivary gland dysfunction in the non-obese diabetic model of Sjögren's syndrome.Molecular immunology · 2024Article
- Inhibition of Cathepsin S in Autoimmune CD25KO Mouse Improves Sjögren Disease-Like Lacrimal Gland Pathology.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Immune and non-immune mediators in the fibrosis pathogenesis of salivary gland in Sjögren's syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Anti-signal recognition particle positive necrotizing myopathy-sjogren's syndrome overlap syndrome: a descriptive study on clinical and myopathology features.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2023Article
- Alternate-Day Fasting Ameliorates Newly Established Sjögren's Syndrome-like Sialadenitis in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Cytotoxic CD8Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Supra-lacrimal protein-based carriers for cyclosporine A reduce Th17-mediated autoimmunity in murine model of Sjögren's syndrome.Biomaterials · 2022Article
- Exploiting the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome for therapeutic treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Biomarkers of Retinal Thickness and Microvascular Alterations in Sjogren's Syndrome.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Cytokines, Proliferation Markers, Antimicrobial Factors and Neuropeptide-Containing Innervation in Human Nasal Mucosa after Rhinoseptoplasty Procedure.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Deciphering potential pharmacological mechanism of Sha-Shen-Mai-Dong decoction on primary Sjogren's syndrome.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2021Article
- Immunobiology of T Cells in Sjögren's Syndrome.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2021Review
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Expression of type-1 and type-2 cytokines at the mRNA level in labial salivary glands (LSG) of patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS), as reported by several groups, have generated conflicting results. In the present study we have directly examined the production of IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-gamma by lymphocytes infiltrating the LSG of 44 consecutive patients referred for SS evaluation. Cytokines production was evaluated following in vitro culture of LSG in the presence of IL-2. IFN-gamma and IL-13 were detected in the majority of SN (24/44 and 26/44, respectively) while IL-4 was present in 5/44 SN. The presence of IFN-gamma was significantly higher in SS patients, as opposed to patients who did not fulfil the criteria for SS (P < 0.01). In addition, almost all cultured lymphocytes expressed mRNA for IFN-gamma (17/19 cultures) and IL-13 (18/19) while IL-4 mRNA was also expressed at high frequency (14/19 cultures). Interestingly, the IFN-gamma mRNA copies in cultured lymphocytes correlated significantly with the intensity of lymphocytic infiltration as evaluated by Chisholm's score (P < 0.01). Furthermore, RT-PCR of RNA extracted from whole LSG from 14 SS patients also demonstrated the presence of all cytokines in the majority of the cases and the prevalence of IFN-gamma in LSG with high-grade infiltration. Because IL-13 was produced by the majority of the cultured LSG, IgE production was also evaluated. Interestingly, IgE was detected in 21/44 LSG culture SN and mainly in those biopsies that had Chisholm's score less than 0.5 (P < 0.05). We conclude that lymphocytes infiltrating the LSG are capable of producing both Th1 and Th2 cytokines and that the balance between them shifts in favour of Th1 in LSG with high infiltration score and in patients with SS.
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