ReviewEnvironmental health perspectives2002
Chemical contaminants in breast milk: time trends and regional variability.
Review in Environmental health perspectives, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 312 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Associations between persistent organic pollutants and thyroid-related hormones and homeostasis parameters in middle-aged to older men and postmenopausal women: The HCHS/SOL.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Persistent organic pollutants and endogenous sex-related hormones in Hispanic/Latino adults: The Hispanic Community health study/study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).Environmental research · 2025Article
- Best for Whom? Heterogeneous Treatment Effects of Breastfeeding on Child Development.Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation · 2024Article
- The impact of the 2019/2020 Australian landscape fires on infant feeding and contaminants in breast milk in women with asthma.International breastfeeding journal · 2023Article
- Endocrine disrupting and carcinogenic effects of decabromodiphenyl ether.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Editorial: Role of hormones and bioactive components in breast milk on development of metabolic, neural and behavioral systems in offspring.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Comment on: Obesity is Associated with Improved Postoperative Overall Survival, Independent of Skeletal Muscle Mass in Lung Adenocarcinoma by Lee et al.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2022Article
- What to Expect When Expecting in Lab: A Review of Unique Risks and Resources for Pregnant Researchers in the Chemical Laboratory.Chemical research in toxicology · 2022Review
- Global footprints of organochlorine pesticides: a pan-global survey.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2022Review
- Effects of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Maternal Body on Infants.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Human Breast Milk from Industrial/Mining and Agricultural Zones of Southeastern Spain.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Article
- Antioxidative Molecules in Human Milk and Environmental Contaminants.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Elevated exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may trigger cancers in Pakistan: an environmental, occupational, and genetic perspective.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Review
- Article
- Acute exposure to 4-OH-A, not PCBEnvironmental toxicology and pharmacology · 2019Article
- Impact of exposure to diesel exhaust during pregnancy on mammary gland development and milk composition in the rabbit.PloS one · 2019Article
- Article
- Breast milk contamination with lead and cadmium and its related factors in Kerman, Iran.Journal of environmental health science & engineering · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Research on environmentally related chemical contaminants in breast milk spans several decades and dozens of countries. The ability to use this research as an environmental indicator is limited because of a lack of consistent protocols. Data on xenobiotics in breast milk are influenced by choices in sample selection, sample pooling, analysis, and reporting. In addition, most studies have focused only on a small panel of persistent organic pollutants, despite indications that a wide range of additional chemical contaminants may also enter breast milk. Despite these limitations, however, it is possible to draw some generalizations. In this paper we review available data on levels of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), metals, and solvents in breast milk. Examples drawn from around the world illustrate the available data and the patterns that have appeared in various areas over time. Over the past few decades, levels of the organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and dioxins have declined in breast milk in countries where these chemicals have been banned or otherwise regulated. In contrast, the levels of PBDEs are rising. Regional differences in levels of xenobiotics in breast milk are related to historical and current local use patterns. Diet is a major factor that influences breast milk levels of persistent organic pollutants, with patterns in fish consumption playing a particularly significant role. Improved global breast milk monitoring programs would allow for more consistent data on trends over time, detection of new xenobiotics in breast milk, and identification of disproportionately exposed populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.