ArticlePublic health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)
Relationship between premature mortality and socioeconomic factors in black and white populations of US metropolitan areas.
Article in Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Public Health's Approach to Systemic Racism: a Systematic Literature Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2019Pooled it
- Ethnic density effects on physical morbidity, mortality, and health behaviors: a systematic review of the literature.American journal of public health · 2012Pooled it
- Is segregation bad for your health?Epidemiologic reviews · 2009Pooled it
- Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review.The Milbank quarterly · 2004Pooled it
- The Interaction of Racial-Ethnic and Economic Concentration and its Association with Premature Mortality in U.S. Neighborhoods.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Alternative Approaches to Characterizing Disparate Care by Race, Ethnicity, and Insurance Between Hospitals.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Segregation in hospital care for Medicare beneficiaries by race and ethnicity and dual-eligible status from 2013 to 2021.Health services research · 2025Article
- COVID-19's effect on healthcare disparities: delivery, reimbursement, and premature mortality in residentially segregated populations.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- The Structure of Pandemic Vulnerability: Housing Wealth, Residential Segregation, and COVID‑19 Mortality.Population research and policy review · 2023Article
- Black:White Health Inequalities, Genes Versus Environment-A New Chapter?Ethnicity & disease · 2023Article
- Association between serum carotenoids and premature mortality in a population-based case-control study.Nagoya journal of medical science · 2022Article
- The Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Black-White Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · 2022Article
- Revealing the variations in impact of economic segregation on preterm birth among disaggregated Asian ethnicities across MSAs in the United States: 2015-2017.SSM - population health · 2021Article
- Racial residential segregation and economic disparity jointly exacerbate COVID-19 fatality in large American cities.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2021Article
- Using machine learning to estimate the effect of racial segregation on COVID-19 mortality in the United States.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Cancer Pain in Relation to Metropolitan Area Segregation and Nursing Home Racial and Ethnic Composition.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · 2020Article
- A "Swiss paradox" in the United States? Level of spatial aggregation changes the association between income inequality and morbidity for older Americans.International journal of health geographics · 2019Article
- Racial residential segregation, socioeconomic disparities, and the White-Black survival gap.PloS one · 2018Article
- The stressors of being young and Black: Cardiovascular health and Black young adults.Psychology & health · 2016Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveexamined the association of mortality with selected socioeconomic indicators of inequality and segregation among blacks and whites younger than age 65 in 267 US metropolitan areas. The primary aim of the analysis was to operationalize the concept of institutional racism in public health.
methodsSocioeconomic indicators were drawn from Census and vital statistics data for 1989-1991 and included median household income; two measures of income inequality; percentage of the population that was black; and a measure of residential segregation.
resultsAge-adjusted premature mortality was 81% higher in blacks than in whites, and median household income was 40% lower. Income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, was greater within the black population (0.45) than within the white population (0.40; p < 0.001). To confirm that the proxy socioeconomic variables were relevant markers of population health status, regression analysis was performed initially on data for the total population. These variables were all independently and significantly related to premature mortality (p < or = 0.01; R(2) = 0.74). Income inequality for the total population was significantly correlated with premature mortality (r = 0.33). Black (r = 0.26) and white (r = 0.20) population-specific correlations between income inequality and premature mortality, while still significant, were smaller. Residential segregation was significantly related to premature mortality and income inequality for blacks (r = 0.38 for both); among whites, however, segregation was modestly correlated with premature mortality (r = 0.19) and uncorrelated with income inequality. Regional analyses demonstrated that the association of segregation with premature mortality was much more pronounced in the South and in areas with larger black populations.
conclusionSocial factors such as income inequality and segregation strongly influence premature mortality in the US. Ecologic studies of the relationships among social factors and population health can measure attributes of the social context that may be relevant for population health, providing the basis for imputing macro-level relationships.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.