ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2002
The phytoestrogen genistein induces thymic and immune changes: a human health concern?
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 242 citations in OpenAlex.
- Consumption of soy isoflavone enriched bread in men with prostate cancer is associated with reduced proinflammatory cytokines and immunosuppressive cells.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2015Trial
- Association of dietary soy genistein intake with lung function and asthma control: a post-hoc analysis of patients enrolled in a prospective multicentre clinical trial.Primary care respiratory journal : journal of the General Practice Airways Group · 2012Trial
- Autoantibodies Targeting the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Emerging Key Players in Pathogenesis?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Identification of potential therapeutic targets for systemic lupus erythematosus based on GEO database analysis and Mendelian randomization analysis.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Article
- A Review of the Effects of Some Extrinsic Factors on Mice Used in Research.Comparative medicine · 2023Review
- Foods may modify responsiveness to cancer immune checkpoint blockers by altering both the gut microbiota and activation of estrogen receptors in immune cells.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2022Review
- Sex Differences in Glomerular Protein Expression and Effects of Soy-Based Diet on Podocyte Signaling.Canadian journal of kidney health and disease · 2022Article
- Review
- In utero exposure to genistein decreased intranasal house dust mite-induced respiratory allergy in middle-aged male B6C3F1 offspring.Toxicology letters · 2020Article
- RNA Expression Profile and Alternative Splicing Signatures of Genistein-Treated Breeder Hens Revealed by Hepatic Transcriptomic Analysis.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2019Article
- The association between urinary genistein levels and mortality among adults in the United States.PloS one · 2019Article
- Methoxychlor metabolite HPTE alters viability and differentiation of embryonic thymocytes from C57BL/6 mice.Journal of immunotoxicology · 2018Article
- Exacerbation of Type 1 Diabetes in Perinatally Genistein Exposed Female Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mouse Is Associated With Alterations of Gut Microbiota and Immune Homeostasis.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2018Article
- Dietary genistein supplementation for breeders and their offspring improves the growth performance and immune function of broilers.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Soy-Based Infant Formula: Are Phyto-Oestrogens Still in Doubt?Frontiers in nutrition · 2018Review
- Dietary soy isoflavones during pregnancy suppressed the immune function in male offspring albino rats.Toxicology reports · 2018Article
- Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract with supplemental liquefied calcium on osteoporosis in calcium-deficient ovariectomized mice.BMC complementary and alternative medicine · 2017Article
- Soy isoflavone intake is associated with risk of Kawasaki disease.Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2016Article
- Membrane-Localized Estrogen Receptor 1 Is Required for Normal Male Reproductive Development and Function in Mice.Endocrinology · 2016Article
- In Utero exposure to genistein enhanced intranasal house dust mite allergen-induced respiratory sensitization in young adult B6C3F1 mice.Toxicology letters · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Use of soy-based infant formulas and soy/isoflavone supplements has aroused concern because of potential estrogenic effects of the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein. Here we show that s.c. genistein injections in ovariectomized adult mice produced dose-responsive decreases in thymic weight of up to 80%. Genistein's thymic effects occurred through both estrogen receptor (ER) and non-ER-mediated mechanisms, as the genistein effects on thymus were only partially blocked by the ER antagonist ICI 182,780. Genistein decreased thymocyte numbers up to 86% and doubled apoptosis, indicating that the mechanism of the genistein effect on loss of thymocytes is caused in part by increased apoptosis. Genistein injection caused decreases in relative percentages of thymic CD4(+)CD8(-) and double-positive CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes, providing evidence that genistein may affect early thymocyte maturation and the maturation of the CD4(+)CD8(-) helper T cell lineage. Decreases in the relative percentages of CD4(+)CD8(-) thymocytes were accompanied by decreases in relative percentages of splenic CD4(+)CD8(-) cells and a systemic lymphocytopenia. In addition, genistein produced suppression of humoral immunity. Genistein injected at 8 mg/kg per day produced serum genistein levels comparable to those reported in soy-fed human infants, and this dose caused significant thymic and immune changes in mice. Critically, dietary genistein at concentrations that produced serum genistein levels substantially less than those in soy-fed infants produced marked thymic atrophy. These results raise the possibility that serum genistein concentrations found in soy-fed infants may be capable of producing thymic and immune abnormalities, as suggested by previous reports of immune impairments in soy-fed human infants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.