ReviewSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2002
Is there a relationship between ground and climatic conditions and injuries in football?
Review in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 223 citations in OpenAlex.
- Injury Incidence, Prevalence and Severity in High-Level Male Youth Football: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2019Pooled it
- The Preventing Australian Football Injuries with Exercise (PAFIX) Study: a group randomised controlled trial.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2009Trial
- Risk of injury on artificial turf and natural grass in young female football players.British journal of sports medicine · 2007Trial
- Changes in balance performance and Its determining factors in the lower leg during the competition season in adolescent football players.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Using a Bayesian network to classify time to return to sport based on football injury epidemiological data.PloS one · 2025Article
- 3D Kinematics of Male and Female Soccer Players for a Variety of Game-Specific Skills.Applied bionics and biomechanics · 2024Article
- Does Inspiratory Muscle Training Affect Static Balance in Soccer Players? A Pilot Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Incidence of Injury for Professional Soccer Players in the United States: A 6-Year Prospective Study of Major League Soccer.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2022Article
- A Narrative Review for a Machine Learning Application in Sports: An Example Based on Injury Forecasting in Soccer.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Relationship between Respiratory Muscle Function and Postural Stability in Male Soccer Players: A Case-Control Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Effects of Short-Term Dynamic Balance Training on Postural Stability in School-Aged Football Players and Gymnasts.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Australian Rules Football: Incidence, Prevention and Return to Play Outcomes.Open access journal of sports medicine · 2021Review
- Meniscal Injuries in the Olympic and Elite Athletes.Indian journal of orthopaedics · 2020Review
- Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Game-Related High School Football Injuries Across Artificial Turf Systems of Various Infill Weights.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2019Article
- Return to Play and Player Performance After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Elite Australian Rules Football Players.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2017Article
- Effect of a specialized injury prevention program on static balance, dynamic balance and kicking accuracy of young soccer players.World journal of orthopedics · 2017Article
- Shoe and Field Surface Risk Factors for Acute Lower Extremity Injuries Among Female Youth Soccer Players.Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine · 2016Article
- A Prospective Analysis of the Injury Incidence of Young Male Professional Football Players on Artificial Turf.Asian journal of sports medicine · 2016Article
- Influence of Extrinsic Risk Factors on National Football League Injury Rates.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2016Article
- Football injuries of the ankle: A review of injury mechanisms, diagnosis and management.World journal of orthopedics · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most soccer, rugby union, rugby league, American football, Australian football and Gaelic football competitions over the world are played on natural grass over seasons that commence in the early autumn (fall) and extend through winter. Injury surveillance in these competitions has usually reported high rates of injury to the lower limb and an increased incidence of injuries early in the season. This 'early-season' bias has not usually been reported in summer football competitions, or in sports played indoors, such as basketball. Although easily compared rates have not often been published there has also been a reported trend towards a greater injury incidence in football played in warmer and/or drier conditions. Injury incidence in American football played on artificial turf has often been reported to be higher than in games played on natural grass. This review concludes that the most plausible explanation for all of these reported findings involves variations in playing surface characteristics. Shoe-surface traction for the average player is the specific relevant variable that is most likely to correlate with injury incidence in a given game of football. Shoe-surface traction will usually have a positive correlation with ground hardness, dryness, grass cover and root density, length of cleats on player boots and relative speed of the game. It is possible that measures to reduce shoe-surface traction, such as, ground watering and softening, play during the winter months, use of natural grasses such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and player use of boots with shorter cleats, would all reduce the risk of football injuries. The most pronounced protective effect is likely to be on injuries to the lower limb of a noncontact nature, including anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Intervention studies should be performed, both using randomised and historical controls.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.