ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2002
Polypurine (A)-rich sequences promote cross-kingdom conservation of internal ribosome entry.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Luciferase-Based Assay for Assessing Cap-Independent Translation in Wheat Germ Extract.Bio-protocol · 2026Article
- Synthetic Biology of Plants and Microbes for Agriculture, Environment, and Future Applications.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- Versatile Applications of CRISPR-Based Programmable T-DNA Integration in Plants.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- RNA elements and their biotechnological applications in plants.The New phytologist · 2025Review
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- Cellular fate of a plant virus immunotherapy candidate.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Ryegrass mottle virus complete genome determination and development of infectious cDNA by combining two methods- 3' RACE and RNA-Seq.PloS one · 2023Article
- Review
- Translation of Plant RNA Viruses.Viruses · 2021Review
- Negative charge in the RACK1 loop broadens the translational capacity of the human ribosome.Cell reports · 2021Article
- Non-Canonical Translation Initiation Mechanisms Employed by Eukaryotic Viral mRNAs.Biochemistry. Biokhimiia · 2021Review
- The Tobamoviral Movement Protein: A "Conditioner" to Create a Favorable Environment for Intercellular Spread of Infection.Frontiers in plant science · 2020Article
- Computational and Experimental Tools to Monitor the Changes in Translation Efficiency of Plant mRNA on a Genome-Wide Scale: Advantages, Limitations, and Solutions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Review
- Enteroviruses: Classification, Diseases They Cause, and Approaches to Development of Antiviral Drugs.Biochemistry. Biokhimiia · 2017Review
- Two ribosome recruitment sites direct multiple translation events within HIV1 Gag open reading frame.Nucleic acids research · 2017Article
- A Sequence-Independent, Unstructured Internal Ribosome Entry Site Is Responsible for Internal Expression of the Coat Protein of Turnip Crinkle Virus.Journal of virology · 2017Article
- A researcher's guide to the galaxy of IRESs.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2017Review
- Tobamovirus 3'-Terminal Gene Overlap May be a Mechanism for within-Host Fitness Improvement.Frontiers in microbiology · 2017Article
- An Alternative Nested Reading Frame May Participate in the Stress-Dependent Expression of a Plant Gene.Frontiers in plant science · 2017Article
- Non-canonical Translation in Plant RNA Viruses.Frontiers in plant science · 2017Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), IRES(CP,148)(CR) and IRES(MP,75)(CR), precede the coat protein (CP) and movement protein (MP) genes of crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (crTMV), respectively. In the present work, we analyzed the activity of these elements in transgenic plants and other organisms. Comparison of the relative activities of the crTMV IRES elements and the IRES from an animal virus--encephalomyocarditis virus--in plant, yeast, and HeLa cells identified the 148-nt IRES(CP,148)(CR) as the strongest element that also displayed IRES activity across all kingdoms. Deletion analysis suggested that the polypurine (A)-rich sequences (PARSs) contained in IRES(CP,148)(CR) are responsible for these features. On the basis of those findings, we designed artificial PARS-containing elements and showed that they, too, promote internal translation from dicistronic transcripts in vitro, in tobacco protoplasts and in HeLa cells. The maximum IRES activity was obtained from multiple copies of either (A)(4)G(A)(2)(G)(2) or G(A)(2-5) as contained in IRES(CP,148)(CR). Remarkably, even homopolymeric poly(A) was moderately active, whereas a poly(G) homopolymer was not active. Furthermore, a database search for existing PARS sequences in 5'-untranslated regions (5'UTR) of genes in tobacco genome allowed the easy identification of a number of IRES candidates, in particular in the 5'UTR of the gene encoding Nicotiana tabacum heat-shock factor 1 (NtHSF1). Consistent with our prediction, the 5'UTR of NtHSF1 turned out to be an IRES element active in vitro, in plant protoplasts and HeLa cells. We predict that PARS elements, when found in other mRNAs, will show a similar activity.
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