ReviewJournal of clinical immunology2002
CD28 function: a balance of costimulatory and regulatory signals.
Review in Journal of clinical immunology, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Activation in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Systematic Review and Comparative Analysis With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.United European gastroenterology journal · 2025Pooled it
- Associations between immune cell phenotypes and lung cancer subtypes: insights from mendelian randomization analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Human pancreatic ductal cells from non-diabetic donors function as non-professional antigen-presenting cells upon inflammatory cytokine exposure.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Regulatory T cells and peripheral immune tolerance: key mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Study of Peripheral Blood T-Lymphocytes and Their Subpopulations in COVID-19 Patients.Biochemistry research international · 2025Article
- interFLOW: maximum flow framework for the identification of factors mediating the signaling convergence of multiple receptors.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2024Article
- Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets predict the efficacy of TACE with or without PD-1 inhibitors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective clinical study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Astragaloside IV Regulates cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway to Alleviate Immunosuppression Caused by PRRSV Infection.Viruses · 2023Article
- TIGIT signaling and its influence on T cell metabolism and immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Characterization of Co-Stimulatory Ligand CD80/86 and Its Effect as a Molecular Adjuvant on DNA Vaccine AgainstFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Synthetic mRNAs; Their Analogue Caps and Contribution to Disease.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- The emerging regulatory roles of noncoding RNAs in immune function of fish: MicroRNAs versus long noncoding RNAs.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2021Review
- Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid Supplementation in the Suckling and the Post-weaning Diet Influences the Immune System Development of T Helper Type-2 Bias Brown Norway Rat Offspring.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Integrative Analysis of the Expression of SIGLEC Family Members in Lung Adenocarcinoma via Data Mining.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Article
- A novel monoclonal antibody against human B7-1 protects against chronic graft-vs.-host disease in a murine lupus nephritis model.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2020Article
- Prognostic significance of peripheral CD8+CD28+ and CD8+CD28- T cells in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with chemo(radio)therapy.Journal of translational medicine · 2019Article
- High Blood miR-802 Is Associated With Poor Prognosis in HCC Patients by Regulating DNA Damage Response 1 (REDD1)-Mediated Function of T Cells.Oncology research · 2019Article
- The influence of the microbiota on immune development, chronic inflammation, and cancer in the context of aging.Microbial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2019Review
- Increased CD8+CD28+ T cells independently predict better early response to stereotactic ablative radiotherapy in patients with lung metastases from non-small cell lung cancer.Journal of translational medicine · 2019Article
- Lentiviral delivery of CTLA-4 shRNA improves the expansion of cytokine-induced killer cells and enhances cytotoxic activityOncology letters · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Both the recognition of MHC/antigen complex by the T-cell receptor and engagement of costimulatory molecules are necessary for efficient T-cell activation. CD28 has been widely recognized as the major costimulation pathway for naive T-cell activation, and the CD28/B7 pathway plays a central role in immune responses against pathogens, autoimmune diseases, and graft rejection. In this review, we will summarize evidence that CD28 is also prominent in the regulation of immune responses and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Indeed, CD28 engagement increases the expression of the down-modulatory molecule CTLA-4, induces the differentiation of Th2 cells that have a protective function in autoimmunity, and has an obligatory role in the homeostasis of regulatory T cells. Therefore, CD28/B7 interactions induce a balance of costimulatory and regulatory signals that have opposite outcomes on immune responses. This new perspective on CD28 function suggests that caution should be taken in the development of immunotherapies targeting costimulatory pathways.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.