ReviewSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2002
A conceptual framework for achieving performance enhancing drug compliance in sport.
Review in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 222 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Framework for Developing Awareness Interventions: A Case of Mobile Bullying.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Personal and psychosocial predictors of doping use in physical activity settings: a meta-analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2014Pooled it
- Development and evaluation of a values-based anti-doping education program for university sport in Japan: the UNIVAS clean sports intervention.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Anti-doping literacy scale (ADL-S): development and validation of a French language instrument based on the doping awareness literacy framework.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- When they don't come around: how athletes and DCOs perceive the legitimacy of a remote sampling system in anti-doping testing.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Ugandan athletes' and coaches' experiences and perceptions on the effectiveness and legitimacy of the doping control process.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Perceived motivational climate, doping attitudes, and doping temptation among elite adolescent athletes: The moderating role of perfectionism.European journal of sport science · 2025Article
- Article
- Educational Intervention on Awareness of Health-Damaging Behaviors in Educators.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Study of an Anti-Doping Education Program in Spanish Sports Sciences Students.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Answering the call for values-based anti-doping education-An evidence-informed intervention for elite adolescent athletes in Germany and Austria.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Athletes' use of analgesics is related to doping attitudes, competitive anxiety, and situational opportunity.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Relationship between the level ofFrontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- The Meaning of "Clean" in Anti-doping Education and Decision Making: Moving Toward Integrity and Conceptual Clarity.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Review
- Moral Disengagement, Social Norms, and Motivational Profiles Influence Attitudes Toward Doping Among Spanish Athletics Coaches.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Moral Identity and Attitudes towards Doping in Sport: Whether Perception of Fair Play Matters.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- One Does Not Fit All: European Study Shows Significant Differences in Value-Priorities in Clean Sport.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2021Article
- Attitudes Toward and Susceptibility to Doping in Spanish Elite and National-Standard Track and Field Athletes: An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Perceived Motivational Climates and Doping Intention in Adolescent Athletes: The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement and Sportspersonship.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Prevalence of therapeutic use exemptions at the Olympic Games and association with medals: an analysis of data from 2010 to 2018.British journal of sports medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There has been, and continues to be, widespread international concern about athletes' use of banned performance enhancing drugs (PEDs). This concern culminated in the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in November 1999. To date, the main focus on controlling the use of PEDs has been on testing athletes and the development of tests to detect usage. Although athletes' beliefs and values are known to influence whether or not an athlete will use drugs, little is known about athletes' beliefs and attitudes, and the limited empirical literature shows little use of behavioural science frameworks to guide research methodology, results interpretation, and intervention implications. Mindful of this in preparing its anti-doping strategy for the 2000 Olympics, the Australian Sports Drug Agency (ASDA) in 1997 commissioned a study to assess the extent to which models of attitude-behaviour change in the public health/injury prevention literature had useful implications for compliance campaigns in the sport drug area. A preliminary compliance model was developed from three behavioural science frameworks: social cognition models; threat (or fear) appeals; and instrumental and normative approaches. A subsequent review of the performance enhancing drug literature confirmed that the overall framework was consistent with known empirical data, and therefore had at least face validity if not construct validity. The overall model showed six major inputs to an athlete's attitudes and intentions with respect to performance enhancing drug usage: personality factors, threat appraisal, benefit appraisal, reference group influences, personal morality and legitimacy. The model demonstrated that a comprehensive, fully integrated programme is necessary for maximal effect, and provides anti-doping agencies with a structured framework for strategic planning and implementing interventions. Programmes can be developed in each of the six major areas, with allocation of resources to each area based on needs-assessment research with athletes and other relevant groups.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.