ReviewDrugs2002
Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance: their clinical relevance in the new millennium.
Review in Drugs, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 175 citations in OpenAlex.
- Combating Antibacterial Resistance: The Integrative Role of Artificial Intelligence in Bio-Based Product Development.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial Resistance in the WHO African Region: A Systematic Literature Review 2016-2020.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Study of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) inRecent advances in anti-infective drug discovery · 2024Review
- Article
- Facile Synthesis of 5-Bromo-Infection and drug resistance · 2024Article
- Fragment-Based Lead Discovery Strategies in Antimicrobial Drug Discovery.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Antimicrobial Peptides and Cationic Nanoparticles: A Broad-Spectrum Weapon to Fight Multi-Drug Resistance Not Only in Bacteria.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- RETRACTED: An Overview of Antimicrobial Stewardship Optimization: The Use of Antibiotics in Humans and Animals to Prevent Resistance.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Molecular Characterization ofMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Sensitivity Patterns, Plasmid Profiles and Clonal Relatedness of Multi-Drug ResistantEnvironmental health insights · 2022Article
- Dehydroabietic Acid Microencapsulation Potential as Biofilm-Mediated Infections Treatment.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Genotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial ResistantFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Prodigiosin inhibits bacterial growth and virulence factors as a potential physiological response to interspecies competition.PloS one · 2021Article
- The Role of Urban Wastewater in the Environmental Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance: The Current Situation in Italy (2010-2019).Microorganisms · 2020Review
- Graphene oxide decorated with zinc oxide nanoflower, silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles: fabrication, characterization, DNA interaction, and antibacterial activity.RSC advances · 2019Article
- Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Serotypes ofOsong public health and research perspectives · 2017Article
- Structure-based analysis of Bacilli and plasmid dihydrofolate reductase evolution.Journal of molecular graphics & modelling · 2017Article
- Review
- Bygiene: The New Paradigm of Bidirectional Hygiene.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2015Review
- Spread of Efflux Pump Overexpressing-Mediated Fluoroquinolone Resistance and Multidrug Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using an Efflux Pump Inhibitor.Infection & chemotherapy · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antimicrobials show selective toxicity. Suitable targets for antimicrobials to act at include the bacterial cell wall, bacterial protein and folic acid synthesis, nucleic acid metabolism in bacteria and the bacterial cell membrane. Acquired antimicrobial resistance generally can be ascribed to one of five mechanisms. These are production of drug-inactivating enzymes, modification of an existing target, acquisition of a target by-pass system, reduced cell permeability and drug removal from the cell. Introduction of a new antimicrobial into clinical practice is usually followed by the rapid emergence of resistant strains of bacteria in some species that were initially susceptible. This has reduced the long-term therapeutic value of many antimicrobials. It used to be thought that antibacterial resistance was mainly a hospital problem but now it is also a major problem in the community. Organisms in which resistance is a particular problem in the community include members of the Enterobacteriaceae, including Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Multi-resistant Gram-negative rods, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci are major causes of concern in the hospital setting. Prevalence of antibacterial resistance depends both on acquisition and spread. Decreasing inappropriate usage of antimicrobials should lessen the rate of acquisition, and spread can be minimised by sensible infection control measures.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.