ArticleImmunology2002
Immunization onto bare skin with synthetic peptides: immunomodulation with a CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotide and effective priming of influenza virus-specific CD4+ T cells.
Article in Immunology, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Topical CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Adjuvant Enhances the Adaptive Immune Response against Influenza A Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2016Article
- Article
- Understanding dendritic cells and their role in cutaneous carcinoma and cancer immunotherapy.Clinical & developmental immunology · 2013Review
- Transcutaneous antigen delivery system.BMB reports · 2013Review
- Transcutaneous immunization with hydrophilic recombinant gp100 protein induces antigen-specific cellular immune response.Cellular immunology · 2010Article
- Topical vaccination: the skin as a unique portal to adaptive immune responses.Seminars in immunopathology · 2007Review
- Importance of spliceosomal RNP1 motif for intermolecular T-B cell spreading and tolerance restoration in lupus.Arthritis research & therapy · 2007Article
- Epicutaneous immunization converts subsequent and established antigen-specific T helper type 1 (Th1) to Th2-type responses.Immunology · 2006Article
- Effect of skin barrier disruption on immune responses to topically applied cross-reacting material, CRM(197), of diphtheria toxin.Infection and immunity · 2005Article
- Impairment by mucosal adjuvants and cross-reactivity with variant peptides of the mucosal immunity induced by injection of the fusion peptide PADRE-ELDKWA.Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology · 2003Article
- The LTR72 mutant of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli enhances the ability of peptide antigens to elicit CD4(+) T cells and secrete gamma interferon after coapplication onto bare skin.Infection and immunity · 2002Article
- Langerhans cells as targets for immunotherapy against skin cancer.Immunology and cell biologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exploiting the immune system of the skin for vaccine administration offers an attractive alternative to the currently used invasive immunization procedures. In this study we report that a synthetic peptide representing a T-helper (Th) epitope from influenza virus haemagglutinin (aa 307--319) can be an effective immunogen when coapplied with cholera toxin (CT) onto bare skin. Proliferation of both peptide- and influenza virus-specific CD4+ T cells was measured in lymphocyte cultures from spleens and regional lymph nodes. The presence of the CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 in the peptide/CT formulation, enhanced the proliferation of peptide- and virus-specific T cells as measured by the conventional [(3)H]thymidine uptake and interleukin (IL)-2 assays. Furthermore, the bias towards Th2-type of responses stimulated by CT was shifted towards Th1 as demonstrated (i) by the increase of interferon-gamma and decrease of IL-4 cytokine levels measured in culture supernatants, (ii) by the predominance of IG2a anti-CT antibodies in the serum, and (iii) by the down-regulation of total serum IgE antibody levels. These findings demonstrate the potential of the bare skin as a non-invasive route for administration of small molecular size peptide antigens. Furthermore, with the selection and combination of the appropriate type of adjuvants, immune responses can be modulated towards the desired type of Th phenotype.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.