ArticleAmerican journal of public health2002
Relationships of stigma and shame to gonorrhea and HIV screening.
Article in American journal of public health, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 172 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
172 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 458 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sexually Transmitted Infection Services for Adolescents and Youth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Perceived and Experienced Barriers to Accessing Care.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2016Pooled it
- Which Psychological Factors are Related to HIV Testing? A Quantitative Systematic Review of Global Studies.AIDS and behavior · 2016Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Health Care Provider-Perceived Barriers and Facilitators to Routine HIV Testing in Primary Care Settings in the Southeastern United States.The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANACPooled it
- A Staff-Directed Electronic Medical Record Alert to Increase Chlamydia Screening: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Women's and men's experiences in group therapy for substance use disorders: A qualitative analysis.The American journal on addictions · 2022Trial
- mHealth versus face-to-face: study protocol for a randomized trial to test a gender-focused intervention for young African American women at risk for HIV in North Carolina.BMC public health · 2018Trial
- Expedited Partner Therapy (EPT) increases the frequency of partner notification among MSM in Lima, Peru: a pilot randomized controlled trial.BMC medicine · 2017Trial
- Reducing shame in a game that predicts HIV risk reduction for young adult MSM: a randomized trial delivered nationally over the Web.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2013Trial
- The development and psychometric properties of the HIV and Abuse Related Shame Inventory (HARSI).AIDS and behavior · 2012Trial
- The impact of community-based sexually transmitted infection screening results on sexual risk behaviors of African American adolescents.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2010Trial
- HIV prevention among sex workers in India.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2004Trial
- Navigating an STI diagnosis: The role of social support, intergenerational learning, and transformative growth among Black women.American journal of community psychology · 2026Article
- Exploring community and expert perceptions of the acceptability of an oropharyngeal gonorrhoea controlled human infection model in Australia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A Digital Patient Decision Aid to Increase Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing in the Emergency Department: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of the STIckER (STI Check in the Emergency Room) Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Effect of Depression on Quality of Life among Women Living with HIV in Gondar Town, Northwest, Ethiopia, Prospective Cohort Study.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- The impact of community-based HIV self-testing dissemination on the HIV testing system at the county level.Translational behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- Testing a Push-Pull model: community-based dissemination of oral HIV self-testing.Translational behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- The effect of depression on antiretroviral drug non-adherence among women living with HIV in Gondar health facilities, northwest Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Measurement invariance of HIV-related stigma scales among men who have sex with men (MSM) and non-MSM populations: implications for comparative studies in China.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Innovation and implementation determinants of HIV testing and linkage-to-care in the U.S.: a systematic review.Implementation science communications · 2024Review
112 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the relationships between stigma and shame associated with seeking treatment for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and undergoing testing for gonorrhea and HIV.
methodsParticipants were 847 males and 1126 females (mean age: 24.9 years) in 7 cities. Two scales assessed STD-related stigma and STD-related shame.
resultsRates of stigma and shame were higher among participants without a gonorrhea test in the past year and among those without an HIV test. Sex, age, health service use, previous suspicion of gonorrhea, and low levels of stigma were independently associated with gonorrhea testing. Age, enrollment site, use of health services, gonorrhea testing, and low levels of stigma were independently associated with HIV testing.
conclusionsShame is part of the experience of seeking STD-related care, but stigma may be a more powerful barrier to obtaining such care.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.