ArticleInfection and immunity2002
Intranasal immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines with LT-K63, a nontoxic mutant of heat-Labile enterotoxin, as adjuvant rapidly induces protective immunity against lethal pneumococcal infections in neonatal mice.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Parenteral neonatal priming followed by heterologous mucosal booster favors IgMFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Distinct humoral responses induced by heterologous versus homologous prime-boost immunization strategies in early life.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Dose-sparing effects of novel adjuvants and aluminum hydroxide on two different vaccines in a neonatal mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- The adjuvants dmLT and mmCT enhance humoral immune responses to a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine after both parenteral or mucosal immunization of neonatal mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- LT-K63 Enhances B Cell Activation and Survival Factors in Neonatal Mice That Translates Into Long-Lived Humoral Immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Understanding Early-Life Adaptive Immunity to Guide Interventions for Pediatric Health.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Adjuvants Enhance the Induction of Germinal Center and Antibody Secreting Cells in Spleen and Their Persistence in Bone Marrow of Neonatal Mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Needle-Free Immunization with Chitosan-Based Systems.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Review
- Serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccines.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2013Review
- Article
- The adjuvant LT-K63 can restore delayed maturation of follicular dendritic cells and poor persistence of both protein- and polysaccharide-specific antibody-secreting cells in neonatal mice.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2012Article
- Concomitant administration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG with the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine to neonatal mice enhances antibody response and protective efficacy.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2011Article
- Yersinia enterocolitica promotes robust mucosal inflammatory T-cell immunity in murine neonates.Infection and immunity · 2010Article
- Influence of maternal gestational treatment with mycobacterial antigens on postnatal immunity in an experimental murine model.PloS one · 2010Article
- Immunogenicity of a live recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine expressing pspA in neonates and infant mice born from naive and immunized mothers.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2010Article
- Animal models of Streptococcus pneumoniae disease.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2008Review
- Infection of mice with respiratory syncytial virus during neonatal life primes for enhanced antibody and T cell responses on secondary challenge.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2008Article
- Intranasal vaccination of infant mice induces protective immunity in the absence of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue.Vaccine · 2008Article
- Neonatal and infantile immune responses to encapsulated bacteria and conjugate vaccines.Clinical & developmental immunology · 2008Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharides (PPS) conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) (Pnc-TT) elicits protective immunity in an adult murine pneumococcal infection model. To assess immunogenicity and protective immunity in early life, neonatal (1 week old) and infant (3 weeks old) mice were immunized intranasally (i.n.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) with Pnc-TT of serotype 1 (Pnc1-TT). Anti-PPS-1 and anti-TT immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies were measured in serum and saliva, and vaccine-induced protection was evaluated by i.n. challenge with serotype 1 pneumococci. Pnc1-TT was immunogenic in neonatal and infant mice when administered s.c. without adjuvant: a majority of the young mice were protected from bacteremia and a reduction of pneumococcal density in the lungs was observed, although antibody responses and protective efficacy remained lower than in adults. The addition of LT-K63, a nontoxic mutant of heat-labile enterotoxin, as adjuvant significantly enhanced PPS-1-specific IgG responses and protective efficacy following either s.c. or i.n. Pnc1-TT immunization. Mucosal immunization was particularly efficient in neonates, as a single i.n. dose of Pnc1-TT and LT-K63 induced significantly higher PPS-1-specific IgG responses than s.c. immunization and was sufficient to protect neonatal mice against pneumococcal infections, whereas two s.c. doses were required to induce complete protection. In addition, i.n. immunization with Pnc1-TT and LT-K63 induced a vigorous salivary IgA response. This suggests that mucosal immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and LT-K63 may be able to circumvent some of the limitations of neonatal antibody responses, which are required for protective immunity in early life.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.