Trial reportImmunology2002
Grass pollen immunotherapy for hayfever is associated with increases in local nasal but not peripheral Th1:Th2 cytokine ratios.
Trial report in Immunology, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2010Pooled it
- Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2007Pooled it
- Cytokine expression in allergic inflammation: systematic review of in vivo challenge studies.Mediators of inflammation · 2003Pooled it
- Trial
- Recommended or high daily intakes of plant stanol esters do not affectThe British journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- Trial
- T cell epitope immunotherapy induces a CD4+ T cell population with regulatory activity.PLoS medicine · 2005Trial
- [Chinese expert consensus on the evaluation of allergen-specific immunotherapy outcomes（Wuhan, 2025）].Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery · 2025Article
- Association of Tear Cytokine Ratios with Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease: Biomarker Data from the Dry Eye Assessment and Management Study.Current eye research · 2024Article
- A novel peanut allergy immunotherapy: Plant-based enveloped Ara h 2 Bioparticles activate dendritic cells and polarize T cell responses to Th1.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2023Article
- Mechanisms of Allergen Immunotherapy and Potential Biomarkers for Clinical Evaluation.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Specific immunoglobulin G4 correlates with Th2 cytokine reduction in patients with allergic asthma treated by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus subcutaneous immunotherapy.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2023Article
- [Establishment of local allergic rhinitis tolerance in mouse model].Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery · 2022Article
- How the Immune System Responds to Allergy Immunotherapy.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Mechanisms of Allergen Immunotherapy in Allergic Rhinitis.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2020Review
- Allergen-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy for Japanese cedar pollinosis decreases the number of metachromatic cells and eosinophils in nasal swabs during the preseason and in season.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2020Article
- Allergen Immunotherapy-Induced Immunoglobulin G4 Reduces Basophil Activation in House Dust Mite-Allergic Asthma Patients.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Article
- Antigen-specific regulatory T-cell responses against aeroantigens and their role in allergy.Mucosal immunology · 2018Review
- Synchronous immune alterations mirror clinical response during allergen immunotherapy.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2018Article
- Immunoglobulin G; structure and functional implications of different subclass modifications in initiation and resolution of allergy.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Grass pollen immunotherapy is the only treatment for hayfever that is both effective and confers long-term benefit. Immunotherapy may act by altering the local nasal mucosal T helper type 2 (Th2) to type 1 (Th1) cytokine balance either by down-regulation and/or immune deviation of T-lymphocyte responses. There is controversy as to whether these changes are detectable in peripheral blood. We therefore examined both local nasal and peripheral T-cell responses to allergen exposure in the same subjects before and after immunotherapy. In a double-blind trial of grass pollen immunotherapy, nasal biopsies were obtained at baseline and during the peak pollen season following 2 years of immunotherapy. Placebo-treated patients showed a seasonal increase in CD3(+) T cells (P = 0.02) and in interleukin-5 (IL-5) mRNA(+) cells (P = 0.03) and no change in interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma ) mRNA(+) cells (P = 0.2) in the nasal mucosa. In contrast, in the immunotherapy-treated group, there were no changes in the number of CD3(+) T cells (P = 0.3) and IL-5 mRNA+ cells (P = 0.2) but a significant increase in the number of IFN-gamma mRNA(+) cells (P = 0.03). Furthermore, clinical improvement in the immunotherapy-treated group was accompanied by a seasonal increase in the ratio of IFN-gamma to IL-5 mRNA(+) cells in the nasal mucosa (P = 0.03). In contrast, there were no significant changes in peripheral T-cell proliferative responses or cytokine production for IFN-gamma or IL-5 in response to grass pollen either within or between the two treatment groups. We conclude that successful grass pollen immunotherapy was associated with an increase in the ratio of IFN-gamma to IL-5 mRNA(+) cells in the nasal mucosa, whereas these changes were not reflected by alterations in peripheral blood T-cell proliferative responses or cytokine production before/after treatment.
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