ReviewEnvironmental health perspectives2002
Understanding the human health effects of chemical mixtures.
Review in Environmental health perspectives, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 133 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Blood trace element concentrations and adult hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Pooled it
- Human Exposure to Bisphenols, Parabens, and Benzophenones, and Its Relationship with the Inflammatory Response: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Ambient and household PM2.5 pollution and adverse perinatal outcomes: A meta-regression and analysis of attributable global burden for 204 countries and territories.PLoS medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Mixture of organic pollutants is associated with cognitive aging.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Trial
- A Detoxification Intervention for Gulf War Illness: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Trial
- High-Throughput Suspect Screening Reveals Widespread Pesticide Exposure in Early Childhood.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Personal Care Products and Incident Hypertension: Prospective Cohort Study of U.S. Women.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Urinary phytoestrogens and hyperuricemia risk in a nationally representative population: an effect modified by smoking status.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Zebrafish parental co-exposure to environmentally relevant levels of inorganic arsenic + methylmercury impacts neurobehavior in parents and progeny.Environmental toxicology and pharmacology · 2026Article
- A perspective on the future of heart failure research.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology plus · 2026Article
- Nontargeted screening identifies mixtures of environmental pollutants that are associated with perturbations to amino acid and fatty acid metabolic pathways during early pregnancy.Environment international · 2026Article
- Functional Varying-Index Coefficients Model for Dynamic Synergistic Gene-Environment Interactions.Statistics in biosciences · 2026Article
- A Review on Adaption of Microbiomes to Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: An Alternate Approach to Environment Sustainability.Recent patents on biotechnology · 2026Review
- Exposure to heavy metals and trace elements and risk of dyslipidemia: a nested case-control analysis in rural adults.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- From prediction to adaptation: rethinking the epistemic role of inhalation toxicology.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Associations between prenatal metal mixtures and allergic symptoms in childhood.The Science of the total environment · 2025Article
- Key research priorities in methodological approaches for measuring the exposome and studying its role in the development of dementia.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most research on the effects of chemicals on biologic systems is conducted on one chemical at a time. However, in the real world people are exposed to mixtures, not single chemicals. Although various substances may have totally independent actions, in many cases two substances may act at the same site in ways that can be either additive or nonadditive. Many even more complex interactions may occur if two chemicals act at different but related targets. In the extreme case there may be synergistic effects, in which case the effects of two substances together are greater than the sum of either effect alone. In reality, most persons are exposed to many chemicals, not just one or two, and therefore the effects of a chemical mixture are extremely complex and may differ for each mixture depending on the chemical composition. This complexity is a major reason why mixtures have not been well studied. In this review we attempt to illustrate some of the principles and approaches that can be used to study effects of mixtures. By the nature of the state of the science, this discussion is more a presentation of what we do not know than of what we do know about mixtures. We approach the study of mixtures at three levels, using specific examples. First, we discuss several human diseases in relation to a variety of environmental agents believed to influence the development and progression of the disease. We present results of selected cellular and animal studies in which simple mixtures have been investigated. Finally, we discuss some of the effects of mixtures at a molecular level.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.