ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2002
Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00005497 (Risk Factors for Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn), which is not on this map. Cited by 639 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Risk Factors for Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Who cites it
639 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
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- Guidance to develop a multidisciplinary, international, pediatric registry: a systematic review.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2023Pooled it
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- The Role of Maternal Preconception Adiposity in Human Offspring Sex and Sex Ratio.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Trial
- Leveraging electronic health record data to evidence collider stratification bias and inform clinical epidemiology: obesity, diabetes, and rotator cuff tears.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
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- Wildland fire smoke and birth defects in California.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
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- High plant protein intake decreases all-cause mortality in the "Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra" (SUN) cohort European journal of nutrition.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Using causal frameworks to reduce bias in observational TB research: a comparison of model-building approaches.IJTLD open · 2026Article
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- Association between cumulative lifetime exposure to reproductive hormones and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CD4 +, and CD8 + T cells among women with breast cancer.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Impact of iron overload on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients with nonmalignant hematological disorders.Blood advances · 2026Observational
- Article
579 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Common strategies to decide whether a variable is a confounder that should be adjusted for in the analysis rely mostly on statistical criteria. The authors present findings from the Slone Epidemiology Unit Birth Defects Study, 1992-1997, a case-control study on folic acid supplementation and risk of neural tube defects. When statistical strategies for confounding evaluation are used, the adjusted odds ratio is 0.80 (95% confidence interval: 0.62, 1.21). However, the consideration of a priori causal knowledge suggests that the crude odds ratio of 0.65 (95% confidence interval: 0.46, 0.94) should be used because the adjusted odds ratio is invalid. Causal diagrams are used to encode qualitative a priori subject matter knowledge.
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11790682What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.