ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2002
Individual income, income distribution, and self rated health in Japan: cross sectional analysis of nationally representative sample.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2002. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Causal Assessment of Income Inequality on Self-Rated Health and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Milbank quarterly · 2024Pooled it
- Income, Self-Rated Health, and Morbidity. A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Pooled it
- Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review.The Milbank quarterly · 2004Pooled it
- Association of income inequality and aggregate health indicators in Japan: analyses of prefecture-level panel data.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Trends in income-related concentration and inequality in health in Japan: evidence from population-based National surveys from 2001 to 2022.Population health metrics · 2025Article
- Income-related inequality and horizontal inequity in healthcare utilization under population aging and labor market changes in Japan.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Projections of Heat-Related Mortality in Chinese Cities: The Roles of Climate Change, Urbanization, Socioeconomic Adaptation, and Landscape-Level Strategies.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Demographic variation in self-rated physical health across 22 countries: findings from the Global Flourishing Study.BMC global and public health · 2025Article
- Local policy governance arrangements and COVID-19-related mortality in municipalities in Japan: a cross-sectional ecological study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- A Scoping Review of Tools and Techniques on Evaluating Population Health and Healthy Life Expectancy.China CDC weekly · 2023Article
- The moderating role of neighborhood disadvantage on the link between functional limitations and self-rated health.PloS one · 2023Article
- Income inequality and self-rated health status in Colombia.International journal for equity in health · 2022Article
- Article
- A Review of the Types and Characteristics of Healthy Life Expectancy and Methodological Issues.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2022Review
- Exploring health in the UK Biobank: associations with sociodemographic characteristics, psychosocial factors, lifestyle and environmental exposures.BMC medicine · 2021Article
- Article
- Positive and negative ageing perceptions account for health differences between older immigrant and native populations in the Netherlands.BMC geriatrics · 2021Article
- Will Innovation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Improve Perceived Health?Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Socioeconomic position and the health gradient in Cuba: dimensions and mechanisms.BMC public health · 2020Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the effects on self rated health of individual income and income distribution in Japan.
designCross sectional analysis. Data collected on household income, self rated health, and other sociodemographic characteristics at the individual level from comprehensive survey of the living conditions of people on health and welfare in a nationally representative sample from each prefecture.
settingPrefectures in Japan.
participants80 899 people aged >15 years with full records in survey.
main outcome measuresDichotomous variable for self rated health of each respondent (0 if excellent, very good or good; 1 if fair or poor).
resultsInequality in income at the prefecture level measured by the Gini coefficient was comparable with that in other industrialised countries. Unadjusted odds ratios show a 14% increased risk (odds ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.27) in reporting poor or fair health for individuals living in prefectures with higher inequality in income. After adjustment, individual income was more strongly associated with self rated health than income inequality. Additional inclusion of regional effects showed that median income at the prefecture level was inversely related to self rated health.
conclusionsIndividual income, probably relative to the median prefecture income, has a stronger association with self rated health than income inequality at the prefecture level.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.