ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2001
An unlikely partnership: parasites, concomitant immunity and host defence.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lymphocyte-mediated immune responses to Leishmania infection.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Implantation of a vaccine platform for extended antigen release (VPEAR) induces long-term immunity against Haemonchus contortus in sheep.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Persistence in Protozoan Parasites.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- PD-L2 Blockade Exacerbates Liver Lesion in Mice Infected withTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Killing the competition: a theoretical framework for liver-stage malaria.Open biology · 2022Article
- Genetic evidence for the role of non-human primates as reservoir hosts for human schistosomiasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Contained Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces concomitant and heterologous protection.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- Behind Enemy Lines: Immunomodulatory Armamentarium of the Schistosome Parasite.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Concomitant Immunity and Worm Senescence May Drive Schistosomiasis Epidemiological Patterns: An Eco-Evolutionary Perspective.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Signatures of balancing selection in toll-like receptor (TLRs) genes - novel insights from a free-living rodent.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Host-Parasite Interactions Promote Disease Tolerance to Intestinal Helminth Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Host Defense Versus Immunosuppression: Unisexual Infection With Male or FemaleFrontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Epidemiological modeling of Trypanosoma cruzi: Low stercorarian transmission and failure of host adaptive immunity explain the frequency of mixed infections in humans.PLoS computational biology · 2017Article
- Vaccination with a Leishmania infantum HSP70-II null mutant confers long-term protective immunity against Leishmania major infection in two mice models.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2017Article
- Continual renewal and replication of persistent Leishmania major parasites in concomitantly immune hosts.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
- A Point Mutation in a Herpesvirus Co-Determines Neuropathogenicity and Viral Shedding.Viruses · 2017Article
- Invasions of Host-Associated Microbiome Networks.Advances in ecological research · 2017Article
- Concomitant Immunity Induced by Persistent Leishmania major Does Not Preclude Secondary Re-Infection: Implications for Genetic Exchange, Diversity and Vaccination.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Article
- The adaptive evolution of virulence: a review of theoretical predictions and empirical tests.Parasitology · 2016Review
- From within-host interactions to epidemiological competition: a general model for multiple infections.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Concomitant immunity (CI) against macroparasites describes a state of effective anti-larval immunity coupled with persistent adult infection. Experimental studies indicate that immunologically concealed adult worms might promote anti-larval immunity via the release of cross-reactive antigens, thus creating a barrier against continual infection and restricting burden size within the host. CI offers an important potential benefit to established worms by preventing overcrowding within the host. Thus, CI may be interpreted as akin to vaccination; relatively long-lived adult worms 'vaccinate' their host with larval surface antigens and so benefit from reduced conspecific competition. The shared responsibility for host vaccination among adult worms leads to a problem of collective action. Here, we build on earlier analytical findings about the evolutionary forces that shape cooperation among parasites in order to produce a stochastic simulation model of macroparasite social evolution. First, we theoretically investigate a parasite adaptation hypothesis of CI and demonstrate its plausibility under defined conditions, despite the possibility of evolutionary 'cheats'. Then we derive a set of predictions for testing the hypothesis that CI is partly a host-manipulative parasite adaptation. Evidence in support of this model would present an unusual case of adaptive population regulation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.