ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2001
Combination bacteriolytic therapy for the treatment of experimental tumors.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00358397 (Phase I Safety Study of Clostridium Novyi-NT Spores in Patients With Treatment-Refractory Solid Tumor Malignancies), which is not on this map. Cited by 230 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase I Safety Study of Clostridium Novyi-NT Spores in Patients With Treatment-Refractory Solid Tumor Malignancies
Who cites it
230 citing papers in PubMed, 559 citations in OpenAlex.
- Synthetic biology of oncolytic bacteria: Comparative microbial chassis and precise killing strategies.Toxicology reports · 2026Review
- Bacterial engineering for cancer therapy.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- Radiation-Triggered Chemokine-Secreting Probiotics for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Based Radioimmunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Streptococcus-derived CpsA-CpsC fusion protein induces apoptosis in cervical cancer cells through in silico and in vitro methods.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Engineering oncolytic bacteria as precision cancer therapeutics: design principles, therapeutic strategies, and translational perspectives.Protein & cell · 2026Review
- Deciphering the intratumor microbiota in malignant gastrointestinal tumors: multifaceted interplay and clinical implications.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Molecular mechanisms of bacteria-mediated cancer immunotherapy: from intratumoral microbiota to engineered therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Advances in the engineering of living probiotics for cancer immunotherapy.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Review
- Discovery and characterization of antitumor gut microbiota from amphibians and reptiles:Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Strategies for engineering domesticated and undomesticated human microbes.Current opinion in biotechnology · 2025Review
- Current status and future perspectives of multi-modal bacteria-based cancer therapies.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Review
- Phase Ib Study of Pembrolizumab in Combination with Intratumoral Injection of Clostridium novyi-NT in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Article
- Cellular mechanisms underlying beneficial versus detrimental effects of bacterial antitumor immunotherapy.Immunity · 2025Article
- Synthetic Biology-Based Engineering Living Therapeutics for Antimicrobial Application.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2025Article
- Combination of Irreversible Electroporation andCancers · 2025Review
- Engineered bacteria: Strategies and applications in cancer immunotherapy.Fundamental research · 2025Review
- Friends close, enemies closer: the complex role of the microbiome in antitumor immunity.Current opinion in immunology · 2025Review
- Anti-Cancer Strategies Using Anaerobic Spore-Forming BacteriaLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Precision tumor treatment utilizing bacteria: principles and future perspectives.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Review
170 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Current chemotherapeutic approaches for cancer are in part limited by the inability of drugs to destroy neoplastic cells within poorly vascularized compartments of tumors. We have here systematically assessed anaerobic bacteria for their capacity to grow expansively within avascular compartments of transplanted tumors. Among 26 different strains tested, one (Clostridium novyi) appeared particularly promising. We created a strain of C. novyi devoid of its lethal toxin (C. novyi-NT) and showed that intravenously injected C. novyi-NT spores germinated within the avascular regions of tumors in mice and destroyed surrounding viable tumor cells. When C. novyi-NT spores were administered together with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, extensive hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors often developed within 24 h, resulting in significant and prolonged antitumor effects. This strategy, called combination bacteriolytic therapy (COBALT), has the potential to add a new dimension to the treatment of cancer.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.