ArticleInfection and immunity2001
How Giardia swim and divide.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Microtubule organelles in Giardia.Advances in parasitology · 2020Review
- Role of gamma-giardin in ventral disc formation of Giardia lamblia.Parasites & vectors · 2019Article
- A new species of Giardia Künstler, 1882 (Sarcomastigophora: Hexamitidae) in hamsters.Parasites & vectors · 2018Article
- Myosin-independent cytokinesis inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
- Sphingolipids, Lipid Rafts, and Giardial Encystation: The Show Must Go On.Current tropical medicine reports · 2015Article
- Clonal diversity of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene in Giardia duodenalis from Thai isolates: evidence of genetic exchange or mixed infections?BMC microbiology · 2011Article
- High-speed microscopic imaging of flagella motility and swimming in Giardia lamblia trophozoites.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2011Article
- Giardia flagellar motility is not directly required to maintain attachment to surfaces.PLoS pathogens · 2011Article
- Lipid metabolism in Giardia: a post-genomic perspective.Parasitology · 2011Review
- Giardia cyst wall protein 1 is a lectin that binds to curled fibrils of the GalNAc homopolymer.PLoS pathogens · 2010Article
- Life with eight flagella: flagellar assembly and division in Giardia.Current opinion in microbiology · 2010Review
- Evidence for mucin-like glycoproteins that tether sporozoites of Cryptosporidium parvum to the inner surface of the oocyst wall.Eukaryotic cell · 2010Article
- Dual acylation accounts for the localization of {alpha}19-giardin in the ventral flagellum pair of Giardia lamblia.Eukaryotic cell · 2009Article
- Identification of growth inhibiting compounds in a Giardia lamblia high-throughput screen.Molecular and biochemical parasitology · 2008Article
- Changes in the N-glycome, glycoproteins with Asn-linked glycans, of Giardia lamblia with differentiation from trophozoites to cysts.Eukaryotic cell · 2008Article
- Effects of a putrescine analog on Giardia lamblia.Parasitology research · 2008Article
- Stable transformation of an episomal protein-tagging shuttle vector in the piscine diplomonad Spironucleus vortens.BMC microbiology · 2008Article
- Tonic shock induces detachment of Giardia lamblia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2008Article
- Unusually low levels of genetic variation among Giardia lamblia isolates.Eukaryotic cell · 2007Article
- Sequence and structure evolved separately in a ribosomal ubiquitin variant.The EMBO journal · 2007Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
To determine how binuclear giardia swim, we used video microscopy to observe trophozoites of Giardia intestinalis, which were labeled with an amino-specific Alexa Fluor dye that highlighted the flagella and adherence disc. Giardia swam forward by means of the synchronous beating of anterior, posterolateral, and ventral flagella in the plane of the ventral disc, while caudal flagella swam in a plane perpendicular to the disc. Giardia turned in the plane of the disc by means of a rudder-like motion of its tail, which was constant rather than beating. To determine how giardia divide, we used three-dimensional confocal microscopy, the same surface label, nuclear stains, and antitubulin antibodies. Giardia divided with mirror-image symmetry in the plane of the adherence disc, so that the right nucleus of the mother became the left nucleus of the daughter. Pairs of nuclei were tethered together by microtubules which surrounded nuclei and prevented mother or daughter giardia from receiving two copies of the same nucleus. New adherence discs formed upon a spiral backbone of microtubules, which had a clockwise rotation when viewed from the ventral surface. These dynamic observations of the parasite begin to reveal how giardia swim and divide.
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