ArticleInfection and immunity2001
Nasal and vaginal vaccinations have differential effects on antibody responses in vaginal and cervical secretions in humans.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 178 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral vaccines for preventing cholera.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2011Pooled it
- Trial
- Phase I randomised clinical trial of an HIV-1(CN54), clade C, trimeric envelope vaccine candidate delivered vaginally.PloS one · 2011Trial
- Clinical protection against caprine herpesvirus 1 genital infection by intranasal administration of a live attenuated glycoprotein E negative bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccine.BMC veterinary research · 2007Trial
- Kinetics of local and systemic immune responses after vaginal immunization with recombinant cholera toxin B subunit in humans.Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology · 2005Trial
- Adjuvanted mucosal vaccination enhances protection and prevents influenza virus transmission in the guinea pig model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Histological changes of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue caused by pneumonia in Holstein young cows.Veterinary and animal science · 2026Article
- Review
- Recent Advancements in Non-Invasive Vaccination Strategies.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Induction of protective immune responses at respiratory mucosal sites.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Suitability of Polymyxin B as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Intranasal Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Immunization with Multiple Virulence Factors Provides Maternal and Neonatal Protection against Group B Streptococcus Serotypes.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Review
- Female reproductive tract-organ axes.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- The role of antigen availability during B cell induction and its effect on sustained memory and antibody production after infection and vaccination-lessons learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2022Article
- Development of mucosal vaccine delivery: an overview on the mucosal vaccines and their adjuvants.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2022Review
- Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization is dynamic over time, whilst GBS capsular polysaccharides-specific antibody remains stable.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2022Article
- Review
- Cigarette smoke exposure attenuates the induction of antigen-specific IgA in the murine upper respiratory tract.Mucosal immunology · 2021Article
- Oral Biologic Delivery: Advances Toward Oral Subunit, DNA, and mRNA Vaccines and the Potential for Mass Vaccination During Pandemics.Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology · 2021Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases are a major health problem worldwide, but there is still a lack of knowledge about how to induce an optimal immune response in the genital tract of humans. In this study we vaccinated 21 volunteers nasally or vaginally with the model mucosal antigen cholera toxin B subunit and determined the level of specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibodies in vaginal and cervical secretions as well as in serum. To assess the hormonal influence on the induction of antibody responses after vaginal vaccination, we administered the vaccine either independently of the stage in the menstrual cycle or on days 10 and 24 in the cycle in different groups of subjects. Vaginal and nasal vaccinations both resulted in significant IgA and IgG anti-cholera toxin B subunit responses in serum in the majority of the volunteers in the various vaccination groups. Only vaginal vaccination given on days 10 and 24 in the cycle induced strong specific antibody responses in the cervix with 58-fold IgA and 16-fold IgG increases. In contrast, modest responses were seen after nasal vaccination and in the other vaginally vaccinated group. Nasal vaccination was superior in inducing a specific IgA response in vaginal secretions, giving a 35-fold increase, while vaginal vaccination induced only a 5-fold IgA increase. We conclude that a combination of nasal and vaginal vaccination might be the best vaccination strategy for inducing protective antibody responses in both cervical and vaginal secretions, provided that the vaginal vaccination is given on optimal time points in the cycle.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.