ReviewProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2001
Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems.
Review in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 461 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
461 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Psychopathy and medial frontal cortex: A systematic review reveals predominantly null relationships.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Publication guidelines for human heart rate and heart rate variability studies in psychophysiology-Part 1: Physiological underpinnings and foundations of measurement.Psychophysiology · 2024Guideline
- Midline thalamic neurons show early hypersynchrony during absence seizures in mouse models.iScience · 2026Article
- Neuromodulation for restoring and amplifying brain function.Nature neuroscience · 2026Review
- Article
- Comparative insights into insula structure and function.Nature neuroscience · 2026Review
- Multilevel Determinants of Acromiohumeral Distance Within a Systems-Based Functional Morphology Framework and Their Implications for Personalized Neuromusculoskeletal Modelling.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Permissive and instructive causality: integrating biological and environmental factors in mental health.Psychological medicine · 2026Review
- From heterogeneity to translation: data‑driven subtyping of autism in a multilevel framework.Translational psychiatry · 2026Review
- Team Cognizant Action: Insights into Developing Team Synergies in Sports.Sports medicine - open · 2026Article
- Aberrant multivariate mapping between behavioral profiles and cortical morphological brain networks in children with autism spectrum disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- State-dependent energy conversion produces degenerate dissipation in active actomyosin networks.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Toward Reference-Grade neuron models.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Posterior shift of Shh-Fgf signaling in axolotl limb regeneration drives sequential digit formation.iScience · 2026Article
- Compensatory coupling between leak and HCN conductances defines a low dimensional solution manifold in GPe neuron subtypes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Addressing degeneracy in rodent studies of cognition.Current opinion in neurobiology · 2026Review
- Categorization is 'baked' into the brain.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Dose as a fundamental organizing principle in physiology: Implications for mechanism, disease, and precision medicine.Journal of precision medicine (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Opportunities and pitfalls of data contextualization in neuroimaging.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Integration of resting-state and stimulus-fMRI uncovers reduced network flexibility in post-surgical pain.Scientific reports · 2026Article
401 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Degeneracy, the ability of elements that are structurally different to perform the same function or yield the same output, is a well known characteristic of the genetic code and immune systems. Here, we point out that degeneracy is a ubiquitous biological property and argue that it is a feature of complexity at genetic, cellular, system, and population levels. Furthermore, it is both necessary for, and an inevitable outcome of, natural selection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.