ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1996
Randomness and degrees of irregularity.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Trial
- Estradiol regulates GH-releasing peptide's interactions with GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin in postmenopausal women.European journal of endocrinology · 2014Trial
- Dynamic testosterone responses to near-physiological LH pulses are determined by the time pattern of prior intravenous LH infusion.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2012Trial
- Predicting response to leuprolide of women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder by daily mood rating dynamics.Journal of psychiatric research · 2011Trial
- Effects of testosterone administration on nocturnal cortisol secretion in healthy older men.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2010Trial
- Dehydroepiandrosterone secretion in healthy older men and women: effects of testosterone and growth hormone administration in older men.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2006Trial
- Prediction of acute mountain sickness occurring at 4554 m using overnight pulse oximetry from lower altitude: A pilot study.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Article
- A Novel Method for Determining Fibrin/Fibrinogen Degradation Products and Fibrinogen Threshold Criteria via Artificial Intelligence in Massive Hemorrhage during Delivery with Hematuria.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Assessing stroke rehabilitation degree based on quantitative EEG index and nonlinear parameters.Cognitive neurodynamics · 2023Article
- When Heart Beats Differently in Depression: Review of Nonlinear Heart Rate Variability Measures.JMIR mental health · 2023Review
- The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the interplay between executive control, behavioral variability and mind wandering: A registered report.Neuroimage. Reports · 2022Article
- Novel Application of Multiscale Cross-Approximate Entropy for Assessing Early Changes in the Complexity between Systolic Blood Pressure and ECG R-R Intervals in Diabetic Rats.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Monitoring the Evolution of Asynchrony between Mean Arterial Pressure and Mean Cerebral Blood Flow via Cross-Entropy Methods.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Relationships Between 24-hour LH and Testosterone Concentrations and With Other Pituitary Hormones in Healthy Older Men.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2021Article
- Age-related alterations on the capacities to navigate on a bike: use of a simulator and entropy measures.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2021Article
- Composite Multiscale Cross-Sample Entropy Analysis for Long-Term Structural Health Monitoring of Residential Buildings.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Interrelationships Between Pituitary Hormones as Assessed From 24-hour Serum Concentrations in Healthy Older Subjects.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2020Article
- Complexity-based approach for El Niño magnitude forecasting before the spring predictability barrier.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The fundamental question "Are sequential data random?" arises in myriad contexts, often with severe data length constraints. Furthermore, there is frequently a critical need to delineate nonrandom sequences in terms of closeness to randomness--e.g., to evaluate the efficacy of therapy in medicine. We address both these issues from a computable framework via a quantification of regularity. ApEn (approximate entropy), defining maximal randomness for sequences of arbitrary length, indicating the applicability to sequences as short as N = 5 points. An infinite sequence formulation of randomness is introduced that retains the operational (and computable) features of the finite case. In the infinite sequence setting, we indicate how the "foundational" definition of independence in probability theory, and the definition of normality in number theory, reduce to limit theorems without rates of convergence, from which we utilize ApEn to address rates of convergence (of a deficit from maximal randomness), refining the aforementioned concepts in a computationally essential manner. Representative applications among many are indicated to assess (i) random number generation output; (ii) well-shuffled arrangements; and (iii) (the quality of) bootstrap replicates.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.