ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2001
Paternity and relatedness in wild chimpanzee communities.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
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43 citing papers in PubMed, 318 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-scale evolution in local populations of wild chimpanzees.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A method for noninvasive individual genotyping of black-footed cat (Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- Puberty initiates a unique stage of social learning and development prior to adulthood: Insights from studies of adolescence in wild chimpanzees.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2022Article
- Patterns and consequences of age-linked change in local relatedness in animal societies.Nature ecology & evolution · 2022Article
- Genomic resources for rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2022Article
- Pedigree reconstruction and distant pairwise relatedness estimation from genome sequence data: A demonstration in a population of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).Molecular ecology resources · 2021Article
- Are shed hair genomes the most effective noninvasive resource for estimating relationships in the wild?Ecology and evolution · 2020Article
- Comparisons of between-group differentiation in male kinship between bonobos and chimpanzees.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Infant carrying by a wild chimpanzee father at Bulindi, Uganda.Primates; journal of primatology · 2019Article
- CHIIMP: An automated high-throughput microsatellite genotyping platform reveals greater allelic diversity in wild chimpanzees.Ecology and evolution · 2018Article
- Paternity and kin structure among neighbouring groups in wild bonobos at Wamba.Royal Society open science · 2018Article
- Group augmentation, collective action, and territorial boundary patrols by male chimpanzees.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
- Chimpanzees breed with genetically dissimilar mates.Royal Society open science · 2017Article
- Paternity in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): Implications for male mating strategies.American journal of primatology · 2016Article
- Establishment of a microsatellite set for noninvasive paternity testing in free-rangingZoological studies · 2015Article
- Mother-offspring transmission and age-dependent accumulation of simian foamy virus in wild chimpanzees.Journal of virology · 2013Article
- Co-residence between males and their mothers and grandmothers is more frequent in bonobos than chimpanzees.PloS one · 2013Article
- Female competition in chimpanzees.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2013Review
- Hairless mutation: a driving force of humanization from a human-ape common ancestor by enforcing upright walking while holding a baby with both hands.Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms · 2012Article
- Low paternity skew and the influence of maternal kin in an egalitarian, patrilocal primate.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The genetic structure of three contiguous wild chimpanzee communities in West Africa was examined to determine the extent to which the community, the mixed-sex social unit of chimpanzees, represents a closed reproductive unit. An analysis of paternity for 41 offspring resulted in 34 cases of paternity assignment to an adult male belonging to the same community. Among the 14 offspring for which all potential within-community fathers have been tested, one likely case of extra-group paternity (EGP) has been identified, suggesting an incidence of EGP of 7%. This more extensive analysis contradicts a previous genetic study of the Tai chimpanzees that inferred 50% extra-group fathers. We suggest, based on direct comparison of results for 33 individuals at 1 microsatellite locus and direct comparison of paternity assignments for 11 offspring, that the error rate in the previous study was too high to produce accurate genotypes and assignments of paternity and hence caused the false inference of a high rate of EGP. Thus, the community is the primary but not exclusive unit for reproduction in wild chimpanzees, and females do not typically reproduce with outside males. Despite the inferred low level of gene flow from extra-community males, relatedness levels among the community males are not significantly higher than among community females, and the distribution of genetic relationships within the group suggests that, rather than a primarily male-bonded social structure, the group is bonded through relationships between males and females. Kinship may explain cooperative behaviors directed against other communities, but is unlikely to explain the high levels of affiliation and cooperation seen for male within-community interactions.
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