ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2001
CD4+CD28- costimulation-independent T cells in multiple sclerosis.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Field Synopsis and Re-analysis of Systematic Meta-analyses of Genetic Association Studies in Multiple Sclerosis: a Bayesian Approach.Molecular neurobiology · 2018Pooled it
- Metronomic chemotherapy plus anti-PD-1 in metastatic breast cancer: a Bayesian adaptive randomized phase 2 trial.Nature medicine · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Cytomegalovirus Drives the Development of Cytotoxic CD4Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Differential Expression of ARG1 and MRC2 in Retinal Müller Glial Cells During Autoimmune Uveitis.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Expanded senescent CD8 T cells in IMID patients are associated with distinct inflammatory cytokines.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- Immune cell senescence in autoimmunity: implications for disease pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- T Cell Aging: An Important Target for Perioperative Immunomodulation.Clinical interventions in aging · 2025Review
- Are immunosenescent T cells really senescent?Aging cell · 2024Review
- CD4Cells · 2024Review
- sCD163, sCD28, sCD80, and sCTLA-4 as soluble marker candidates for detecting immunosenescence.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2024Review
- Autophagy pathways in autoimmune diseases.Journal of autoimmunity · 2023Review
- Article
- Article
- Characterization of Antigen-Induced CD4+ T-Cell Senescence in Multiple Sclerosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Treg-Resistant Cytotoxic CD4International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Altered CSF Albumin Quotient Links Peripheral Inflammation and Brain Damage in MS.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2021Article
- Polyfunctional KLRG-1Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Altered Immune Phenotypes andFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Kv1.3 Channel Up-Regulation in Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that CD4+ lymphocytes initiate autoimmune responses against myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis (MS). The increased frequency of activated myelin-specific cells in MS patients indicates that the activation of autoreactive cells represents a central event in the pathogenesis of the disease. We identified a CD4+ subpopulation that is characterized phenotypically by the persistent absence of surface CD28 expression and functionally by CD28-independent activation and Th1 cytokine secretion. Owing to their costimulation-independent activation and their expression of a full agonist signaling activation pattern, CD4+CD28- cells have the potential to initiate autoimmune responses in the central nervous system, a compartment devoid of professional antigen presenting cells. Long-term memory CD4+CD28- cells produce high amounts of IFN-gamma and maximally upregulate IFN-gamma and IL-12Rbeta2 chain expression in the absence of costimulation. They exhibit prominent growth characteristics and increased survival after activation, likely related to their persistent lack of CTLA-4 surface expression. The CD4+CD28- population is expanded in a subgroup of MS patients. Myelin basic protein-specific cells detected in this cell subset may play an important role in the inflammatory response within the central nervous system.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.