ReviewThe Biochemical journal2001
GSK3 takes centre stage more than 20 years after its discovery.
Review in The Biochemical journal, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 578 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
578 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 1,294 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Mechanisms Behind Rapid Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine: A Systematic Review With a Focus on Molecular Neuroplasticity.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Current Landscape of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β PET Tracers: Progress, Limitations, and Perspectives-A Narrative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Essential role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 in regulating growth, drug response, and infectivity inAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- GSK-3 regulates CD4-CD8 cooperation for super-armed CD8+ cytolytic T cells in immunotherapy against tumors.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Low-dose lithium supplementation promotes musculoskeletal and metabolic health in ovariectomized female mice.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Protein kinases as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease: challenges, insights, and new frontiers.Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents · 2026Review
- Rapamycin Prevents Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria-Induced Effects on Snail and GSK-3 and Impaired Intestinal Barrier.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Early apoptosis predicts orthodontically induced root resorption: inhibitory effects of lithium in a rat model.The Angle orthodontist · 2026Article
- Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, Expression Analysis, and Interacting Protein Prediction of thePlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sex-Dependent Effects of Circadian Rhythm Disruptions on Novel Object Recognition Memory, Locomotion, Pain Threshold, Rearing Behavior, and BDNF and GSK-3β Hippocampal Levels in Rats.Behavioural neurology · 2026Article
- Mechanistic Insights into Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Fisetin: PKCα-Induced β-Catenin Degradation, ERK/MITF Inhibition, and Direct Tyrosinase Suppression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Glycogen synthase kinase-3: the master switch driving neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.Archives of toxicology · 2025Review
- GSK3B directs DNA repair choice and determines tumor response to PARP1 inhibition independent of BRCA1.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Harnessing GSK-3β inhibition for lung cancer therapy: emerging opportunities and challenges.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- FBXW7 is a multifaceted regulator of the innate immune response to DNA viruses.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Article
- Regulation of Apoptotic Pathways by MicroRNAs: A Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Design, synthesis and anticancer evaluation of novel hydrazide-2-oxindole analogues as GSK-3β kinase inhibitors.RSC advances · 2025Article
- Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenic Mechanisms: Linking Redox Homeostasis and Mitochondria-Associated Metabolic Pathways Through Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2).Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The rs140668532 SNP in GSK-3β gene as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease: Insights from computational modeling.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Thiazolidinedione derivatives in cancer therapy: exploring novel mechanisms, therapeutic potentials, and future horizons in oncology.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
518 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Identified originally as a regulator of glycogen metabolism, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is now a well-established component of the Wnt signalling pathway, which is essential for setting up the entire body pattern during embryonic development. It may also play important roles in protein synthesis, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, microtubule dynamics and cell motility by phosphorylating initiation factors, components of the cell-division cycle, transcription factors and proteins involved in microtubule function and cell adhesion. Generation of the mouse knockout of GSK3beta, as well as studies in neurons, also suggest an important role in apoptosis. The substrate specificity of GSK3 is unusual in that efficient phosphorylation of many of its substrates requires the presence of another phosphorylated residue optimally located four amino acids C-terminal to the site of GSK3 phosphorylation. Recent experiments, including the elucidation of its three-dimensional structure, have enhanced our understanding of the molecular basis for the unique substrate specificity of GSK3. Insulin and growth factors inhibit GSK3 by triggering its phosphorylation, turning the N-terminus into a pseudosubstrate inhibitor that competes for binding with the 'priming phosphate' of substrates. In contrast, Wnt proteins inhibit GSK3 in a completely different way, by disrupting a multiprotein complex comprising GSK3 and its substrates in the Wnt signalling pathway, which do not appear to require a 'priming phosphate'. These latest findings have generated an enormous amount of interest in the development of drugs that inhibit GSK3 and which may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of diabetes, stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.