ArticleInfection and immunity2001
Th1 adjuvant N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polymer up-regulates Th1 immunity but down-regulates Th2 immunity against a mycobacterial protein (MPB-59) in interleukin-10-knockout and wild-type mice.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Environmental and structural factors associated with bacterial diversity in household dust across the Arizona-Sonora border.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Fungal chitin-binding glycoprotein induces Dectin-2-mediated allergic airway inflammation synergistically with chitin.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Environmental and Structural Factors Associated with Bacterial Diversity in Household Dust Across the Arizona-Sonora Border.Research square · 2023Article
- Rejection of Lepeophtheirus salmonis driven in part by chitin sensing is not impacted by seawater acclimitization in Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Self-assembled chitosan nanoparticles for intranasal delivery of recombinant protein interleukin-17 receptor C (IL-17RC): preparation and evaluation in asthma mice.Bioengineered · 2021Article
- Phagocytosis-mediated M1 activation by chitin but not by chitosan.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2018Article
- Preliminary Study on Gene Expression of Chitinase-Like Cytokines in Human Airway Epithelial Cell Under Chitin and Chitosan Microparticles Treatment.Inflammation · 2016Article
- Intranasal and oral vaccination with protein-based antigens: advantages, challenges and formulation strategies.Protein & cell · 2015Review
- The effect of chitin size, shape, source and purification method on immune recognition.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2014Article
- Chitosans for delivery of nucleic acids.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2013Review
- Cholera toxin induces a shift from inactive to active cyclooxygenase 2 in alveolar macrophages activated by Mycobacterium bovis BCG.Infection and immunity · 2013Article
- A new strategy based on SmRho protein loaded chitosan nanoparticles as a candidate oral vaccine against schistosomiasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2012Article
- Chitin, chitinase responses, and invasive fungal infections.International journal of microbiology · 2012Article
- Chitin particles induce size-dependent but carbohydrate-independent innate eosinophilia.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2011Article
- Carbohydrate-based immune adjuvants.Expert review of vaccines · 2011Review
- N-acetyl glucosamine obtained from chitin by chitin degrading factors in Chitinbacter tainanesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2011Article
- Chitins and chitosans as immunoadjuvants and non-allergenic drug carriers.Marine drugs · 2010Review
- Persistent inactivation of macrophage cyclooxygenase-2 in mycobacterial pulmonary inflammation.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2009Article
- Chitin, chitinases and chitinase-like proteins in allergic inflammation and tissue remodeling.Yonsei medical journal · 2009Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Treatment of mice with heat-killed (HK) Mycobacterium bovis BCG or 1- to 10-microm chitin particles (nonantigenic N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polymers) is known to induce innate immune responses, including gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production, which plays a Th1 adjuvant role. However, HK BCG further induces prostaglandin E2-releasing spleen macrophages (Mphi) (PGE2-Mphi), which potentially inhibit Th1 adjuvant activities. We found that chitin particles did not induce PGE2-Mphi formation. To further assess whether chitin has Th1 adjuvant effects, interleukin-10 (IL-10)-knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type (WT, C57BL/6) controls were immunized with a 30-kDa MPB-59 mycobacterial protein mixed with chitin. Immunization with MPB-59 alone induced Th2 responses, characterized by increases in total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and specific serum IgG1 levels and spleen Th2 cells producing IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. No IFN-gamma-producing spleen Th1 cells, specific serum IgG2a, or delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) footpad reactions were detected. On the other hand, chitin-MPB-59 immunization significantly increased spleen Th1 responses, DTH reaction, and serum IgG2a levels along with decreases of Th2 responses. The magnitude of these Th1 adjuvant effects was greater in IL-10-KO mice than in WT mice. In contrast, immunization with HK BCG-MPB-59 showed little or no Th1 adjuvant effect. These data indicate that chitin has a unique Th1 adjuvant effect on the development of Th1 immunity against a mycobacterial antigen. IL-10 down-regulates the adjuvant effect of chitin.
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