ArticleJournal of virology2001
HERV-K(OLD): ancestor sequences of the human endogenous retrovirus family HERV-K(HML-2).
Article in Journal of virology, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- An endogenous retroviral element co-opts an upstream regulatory sequence to achieve somatic expression and mobility.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Mutation Rate Variation and Other Challenges in 2-LTR Dating of Primate Endogenous Retrovirus Integrations.Journal of molecular evolution · 2025Review
- A novel approach to exploring the dark genome and its application to mapping of the vertebrate virus fossil record.Genome biology · 2024Article
- Mechanistic regulation of HERV activation in tumors and implications for translational research in oncology.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K (HML-2)-Related Genetic Variation: Human Genome Diversity and Disease.Genes · 2023Review
- Porcine endogenous retrovirus: classification, molecular structure, regulation, function, and potential risk in xenotransplantation.Functional & integrative genomics · 2023Review
- Human reproduction is regulated by retrotransposons derived from ancient Hominidae-specific viral infections.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Contemporary Distribution, Estimated Age, and Prehistoric Migrations of Old World Monkey Retroviruses.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HML-2) in Health and Disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Review
- Is the HERV-K HML-2 Xq21.33, an endogenous retrovirus mutated by gene conversion of chromosome X in a subset of African populations, associated with human breast cancer?Infectious agents and cancer · 2020Article
- Structural variation of centromeric endogenous retroviruses in human populations and their impact on cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Sézary syndrome, and HIV infection.BMC medical genomics · 2019Article
- Human endogenous retrovirus-K (HML-2): a comprehensive review.Critical reviews in microbiology · 2018Review
- Article
- Long-read genome sequence assembly provides insight into ongoing retroviral invasion of the koala germline.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- How Active Are Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs)?Viruses · 2016Review
- Infectious Entry Pathway Mediated by the Human Endogenous Retrovirus K Envelope Protein.Journal of virology · 2016Article
- Identification and spontaneous immune targeting of an endogenous retrovirus K envelope protein in the Indian rhesus macaque model of human disease.Retrovirology · 2016Article
- Chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting HERV-K inhibit breast cancer and its metastasis through downregulation of Ras.Oncoimmunology · 2015Article
- Genome-wide amplification of proviral sequences reveals new polymorphic HERV-K(HML-2) proviruses in humans and chimpanzees that are absent from genome assemblies.Retrovirology · 2015Article
- Vaccination directed against the human endogenous retrovirus-K (HERV-K) gag protein slows HERV-K gag expressing cell growth in a murine model system.Virology journal · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sequences homologous to the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) family HERV-K(HML-2) are present in all Old World primate species. A previous study showed that a central region of the HERV-K(HML-2) gag genes in Hominoidea species displays a 96-bp deletion compared to the gag genes in lower Old World primates. The more ancient HERV-K(HML-2) sequences present in lower Old World primates were apparently not conserved during hominoid evolution, as opposed to the deletion variants. To further clarify the evolutionary origin of the HERV-K(HML-2) family, we screened GenBank with the 96-bp gag-sequence characteristic of lower Old World primates and identified, to date, 10 human sequence entries harboring either full-length or partially deleted proviral structures, probably representing remnants of a more ancient HERV-K(HML-2) variant. The high degree of mutations demonstrates the long-time presence of these HERV-K(OLD) proviruses in the genome. Nevertheless, they still belong to the HML-2 family as deduced from dot matrix and phylogenetic analyses. We estimate, based on the family ages of integrated Alu elements and on long terminal repeat (LTR) divergence data, that the average age of HERV-K(OLD) proviruses is ca. 28 million years, supporting an integration time before the evolutionary split of Hominoidea from lower Old World primates. Analysis of HERV-K(OLD) LTR sequences led to the distinction of two subgroups, both of which cluster with LTRs belonging to an evolutionarily older cluster. Taken together, our data give further insight into the evolutionary history of the HERV-K(HML-2) family during primate evolution.
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