ReviewCNS drugs2001
Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective.
Review in CNS drugs, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 252 citations in OpenAlex.
- Joint Clinical Practice Guideline on Benzodiazepine Tapering: Considerations When Risks Outweigh Benefits.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Guideline
- Pairwise genetic meta-analyses between schizophrenia and substance dependence phenotypes reveals novel association signals with pharmacological significance.Translational psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in schizophrenia: a systematic review.Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy · 2020Pooled it
- Interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2013Pooled it
- A Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial Testing the Effectiveness of the Addressing Tobacco Through Organizational Change Model for Improving the Treatment of Tobacco Use in Community Mental Health Care: Preliminary Study Feasibility and Baseline Findings.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Trial
- Combination Extended Smoking Cessation Treatment Plus Home Visits for Smokers With Schizophrenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2017Trial
- Prescription practices in the treatment of first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders: data from the national RAISE-ETP study.The American journal of psychiatry · 2015Trial
- The effect of nicotine dependence on psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia.BioMed research international · 2015Trial
- Smoking reduction for persons with mental illnesses: 6-month results from community-based interventions.Community mental health journal · 2011Trial
- Healthcare professionals' experiences of supporting pregnant women with mental illness with their smoking behaviors: a qualitative study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- [Nicotine consumption in childhood and adolescence-fundamentals and considerations for handling the topic in child and adolescent psychiatric settings].Neuropsychiatrie : Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie und Rehabilitation : Organ der Gesellschaft Osterreichischer Nervenarzte und Psychiater · 2026Article
- PsychoPharm aggregated risk score (PARS): a multidimensional tool to flag high-risk pharmacotherapy in psychiatric patients.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Smoking may increase the usage of antidepressant: evidence from genomic perspective analysis.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- "Everybody's problem but nobody's problem": Qualitative study on integrating smoking cessation and mental health services in Singapore.PloS one · 2025Article
- Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Levamlodipine Besylate in Smoking Patients.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Observational
- Evaluation of drug interactions in outpatients taking antipsychotic medications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Association of smoking cigarettes, age, and sex with serum concentrations of olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia.Biochemia medica · 2023Article
- Prescribing clozapine in the UK: Quality improvement issues identified by clinical audit.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- TOBACCO USE DISORDER AND DUAL DISORDERS Joint statement by the Spanish Psychiatry Society and the Spanish Dual Disorders Society.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2022Article
- Fluctuation between cigarette smoking and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems: Impact on clozapine concentrations and clinical effect.The mental health clinician · 2021Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Many psychiatric patients smoke, and are believed to be heavier smokers than those without psychiatric disorders. Cigarette smoking is one of the environmental factors that contributes to interindividual variations in response to an administered drug. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in cigarette smoke induce hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases, thereby increasing metabolic clearance of drugs that are substrates for these enzymes. PAHs have been shown to induce 3 hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes, primarily CYP1A1, 1A2 and 2E1. Drug therapy can also be affected pharmacodynamically by nicotine. The most common effect of smoking on drug disposition in humans is an increase in biotransformation rate, consistent with induction of drug-metabolising enzymes. Induction of hepatic enzymes has been shown to increase the metabolism and to decrease the plasma concentrations of imipramine, clomipramine, fluvoxamine and trazodone. The effect of smoking on the plasma concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline is variable. Amfebutamone (bupropion) does not appear to be affected by cigarette smoking. Smoking is associated with increased clearance of tiotixene, fluphenazine, haloperidol and olanzapine. Plasma concentrations of chlorpromazine and clozapine are reduced by cigarette smoking. Clinically, reduced drowsiness in smokers receiving chlorpromazine, and benzodiazepines, compared with nonsmokers has been reported. Increased clearance of the benzodiazepines alprazolam, lorazepam, oxazepam, diazepam and demethyl-diazepam is found in cigarette smokers, whereas chlordiazepoxide does not appear to be affected by smoking. Carbamazepine appears to be minimally affected by cigarette smoke, perhaps because hepatic enzymes are already stimulated by its own autoinductive properties. Cigarette smoking can affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of many psychotropic drugs. Clinicians should consider smoking as an important factor in the disposition of these drugs.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.