ReviewBritish journal of cancer2001
Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy.
Review in British journal of cancer, 2001. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 156 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
156 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 541 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of metabolic and inflammatory markers with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): an update.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2021Pooled it
- Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Common Variants of the Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 Gene and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Susceptibility.Medicine · 2015Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Association between COX-2 rs2745557 polymorphism and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC immunology · 2012Pooled it
- Skin cancer arising in scars: a systematic review.Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.] · 2011Pooled it
- A randomised controlled phase II trial of pre-operative celecoxib treatment reveals anti-tumour transcriptional response in primary breast cancer.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2013Trial
- Doxorubicin and deracoxib adjuvant therapy for canine splenic hemangiosarcoma: a pilot study.The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne · 2013Trial
- Examining the etiology of childhood obesity: The IDEA study.American journal of community psychology · 2009Trial
- Two randomised phase II trials of subcutaneous interleukin-2 and histamine dihydrochloride in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.British journal of cancer · 2005Trial
- The Vaginal Microbiome and Host Health: Implications for Cervical Cancer Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Role of Inflammasomes in Chronic Oral Inflammatory Disease and Oral Cancer: A Narrative Review.Dentistry journal · 2025Review
- Increased cancer risk in patients with IgG4-related disease in a nationwide South Korean cohort, 2012-2021.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis in Older Adults with Cancer.Drugs & aging · 2025Review
- High expression of prostaglandin EP4 receptor mRNA in feline head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire · 2025Article
- Sex-specific aspects in a population of patients undergoing evaluation for interstitial lung disease with transbronchial cryobiopsy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Osthole suppresses prostate cancer progression by modulating PRLR and the JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Melanoma Marjolin ulcer in residual limb of patient of color with below-knee amputation.JAAD case reports · 2024Article
- High-fat-diet-induced obesity promotes simultaneous progression of lung cancer and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice.Cancer innovation · 2024Article
- Association between strenuous sports or other exercises and lung cancer risk: a mendelian randomization study.Translational lung cancer research · 2024Article
96 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Several chronic infections known to be associated with malignancy have established oncogenic properties. However the existence of chronic inflammatory conditions that do not have an established infective cause and are associated with the development of tumours strongly suggests that the inflammatory process itself provides the prerequisite environment for the development of malignancy. This environment includes upregulation of mediators of the inflammatory response such as cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins which themselves may suppress cell mediated immune responses and promote angiogenesis. These factors may also impact on cell growth and survival signalling pathways resulting in induction of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Furthermore, chronic inflammation may lead to the production of reactive oxygen species and metabolites such as malondialdehyde within the affected cells that may in turn induce DNA damage and mutations and, as a result, be carcinogenic. Here it is proposed that the conditions provided by a chronic inflammatory environment are so essential for the progression of the neoplastic process that therapeutic intervention aimed at inhibiting inflammation, reducing angiogenesis and stimulating cell mediated immune responses may have a major role in reducing the incidence of common cancers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.